ddl: Enable modify column on partitioned table

[mjonss]

What problem does this PR solve?

Issue Number: close #38297 ref #39915

Similar to #39922

Problem Summary:
There were an issue (#39915) with modify column on partitioned tables, which caused a revert. This will add that code back and include a fix (reset the PhysicaTablelD).

What is changed and how it works?

Check List

Tests

• Unit test
• Integration test
• Manual test (add detailed scripts or steps below)
• No code

Side effects

• Performance regression: Consumes more CPU
• Performance regression: Consumes more Memory
• Breaking backward compatibility

Documentation

• Affects user behaviors
• Contains syntax changes
• Contains variable changes
• Contains experimental features
• Changes MySQL compatibility

Release note

Please refer to Release Notes Language Style Guide to write a quality release note.

None

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[ti-chi-bot]

@mjonss: PR needs rebase.

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[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 72.91667% with 39 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 75.0894%. Comparing base (1521bf7) to head (32e653f).
Report is 92 commits behind head on master.

Additional details and impacted files

@@               Coverage Diff                @@
##             master     #40634        +/-   ##
================================================
+ Coverage   73.1843%   75.0894%   +1.9050%     
================================================
  Files          1674       1720        +46     
  Lines        461690     473836     +12146     
================================================
+ Hits         337885     355801     +17916     
+ Misses       103042      95842      -7200     
- Partials      20763      22193      +1430     

Flag	Coverage Δ
integration	49.1529% <28.4722%> (?)

Flags with carried forward coverage won't be shown. Click here to find out more.

Components	Coverage Δ
dumpling	52.6910% <ø> (ø)
parser	∅ <ø> (∅)
br	62.7311% <ø> (+16.7418%)	⬆️

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[mjonss]

/retest

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[mjonss]

/retest

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@mjonss: The following test failed, say /retest to rerun all failed tests or /retest-required to rerun all mandatory failed tests:

Test name	Commit	Details	Required	Rerun command
idc-jenkins-ci-tidb/unit-test	32e653f	link	true	/test unit-test

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