src: refactor --trace-env to reuse option selection and handling

[joyeecheung]

This reduces the duplication in the code base, also makes makes the log messages more concise since the [--trace-env] prefix should provide enough indication about the fact that it's about environment variable access.

[joyeecheung]

cc @nodejs/cpp-reviewers

[nodejs-github-bot]

CI: https://ci.nodejs.org/job/node-test-pull-request/64087/

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 95.83333% with 2 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 88.53%. Comparing base (a50f3d5) to head (3c65551).
Report is 17 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
src/node_env_var.cc	95.74%	0 Missing and 2 partials ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #56293      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   88.55%   88.53%   -0.02%     
==========================================
  Files         657      657              
  Lines      190243   190288      +45     
  Branches    36536    36527       -9     
==========================================
+ Hits       168461   168476      +15     
- Misses      14963    14982      +19     
- Partials     6819     6830      +11     

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
src/node_credentials.cc	68.72% <100.00%> (-0.56%)	⬇️
src/node_internals.h	81.03% <ø> (ø)
src/node_env_var.cc	86.80% <95.74%> (-0.30%)	⬇️

... and 43 files with indirect coverage changes