doc: update fs read documentation for clarity

PR-URL: #52453
Reviewed-By: Matteo Collina <[email protected]>
Reviewed-By: Marco Ippolito <[email protected]>
Reviewed-By: James M Snell <[email protected]>

doc/api/fs.md

@@ -3681,6 +3681,37 @@ number of bytes read is zero.
 If this method is invoked as its [`util.promisify()`][]ed version, it returns
 a promise for an `Object` with `bytesRead` and `buffer` properties.
 
+The `fs.read()` method reads data from the file specified
+by the file descriptor (`fd`).
+The `length` argument indicates the maximum number
+of bytes that Node.js
+will attempt to read from the kernel.
+However, the actual number of bytes read (`bytesRead`) can be lower
+than the specified `length` for various reasons.
+
+For example:
+
+* If the file is shorter than the specified `length`, `bytesRead`
+  will be set to the actual number of bytes read.
+* If the file encounters EOF (End of File) before the buffer could
+  be filled, Node.js will read all available bytes until EOF is encountered,
+  and the `bytesRead` parameter in the callback will indicate
+  the actual number of bytes read, which may be less than the specified `length`.
+* If the file is on a slow network `filesystem`
+  or encounters any other issue during reading,
+  `bytesRead` can be lower than the specified `length`.
+
+Therefore, when using `fs.read()`, it's important to
+check the `bytesRead` value to
+determine how many bytes were actually read from the file.
+Depending on your application
+logic, you may need to handle cases where `bytesRead`
+is lower than the specified `length`,
+such as by wrapping the read call in a loop if you require
+a minimum amount of bytes.
+
+This behavior is similar to the POSIX `preadv2` function.
+
 ### `fs.read(fd[, options], callback)`
 
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