Bump version to v0.24.0 + deprecations

[snarayan21]

What does this PR do?

Bumps to 0.24.0 and deprecates some code paths, notably passing process_group and device_mesh directly in the fsdp config object.

Dailies succeeded: https://github.com/mosaicml/composer/actions/runs/10528606007

Continuation of #3527

What issue(s) does this change relate to?

Before submitting

• Have you read the contributor guidelines?
• Is this change a documentation change or typo fix? If so, skip the rest of this checklist.
• Was this change discussed/approved in a GitHub issue first? It is much more likely to be merged if so.
• Did you update any related docs and document your change?
• Did you update any related tests and add any new tests related to your change? (see testing)
• Did you run the tests locally to make sure they pass?
• Did you run pre-commit on your change? (see the pre-commit section of prerequisites)

[mvpatel2000]

how do daily tests for sharded tensor ckpts pass? 🤔

[antoinebrl]

Hello! The released was prepared in this MR but no tag was added. What would it take to complete the publication of this version?

[snarayan21]

@antoinebrl We'll be releasing the new version today -- just didn't want to release over the weekend :)