feat(gov): handle panics when executing x/gov proposals (backport #17780)

[mergify]

This is an automatic backport of pull request #17780 done by Mergify.
Cherry-pick of a0b39a1 has failed:

On branch mergify/bp/release/v0.50.x/pr-17780
Your branch is up to date with 'origin/release/v0.50.x'.

You are currently cherry-picking commit a0b39a1d3.
  (fix conflicts and run "git cherry-pick --continue")
  (use "git cherry-pick --skip" to skip this patch)
  (use "git cherry-pick --abort" to cancel the cherry-pick operation)

Changes to be committed:
	modified:   x/gov/abci.go
	new file:   x/gov/abci_internal_test.go

Unmerged paths:
  (use "git add <file>..." to mark resolution)
	both modified:   CHANGELOG.md

To fix up this pull request, you can check it out locally. See documentation: https://docs.github.com/en/github/collaborating-with-pull-requests/reviewing-changes-in-pull-requests/checking-out-pull-requests-locally

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