Support Python 3.12

[discdiver]

First check

• I added a descriptive title to this issue.
• I used the GitHub search to find a similar request and didn't find it.
• I searched the Prefect documentation for this feature.

Prefect Version

2.x

Describe the current behavior

Python 3.12 was released to GA on Oct. 2, 2023.

Describe the proposed behavior

Support Python 3.12.

Example Use

No response

Additional context

GitHub Actions and Conda support Python 3.12.

Local testing: installing Prefect 2.13.7 into a conda env with Python 3.12 fails on pendulum install (maybe other issues, too).

Pendulum has added Python 3.12 support on their main branch, but not cut a release yet as of Oct. 17, 2023.

3.12 support for most common Python packages is tracked here. As of this writing, requests, pydantic, fastapi, and many other popular packages are not yet showing support.

[oaustegard]

Arrived here after attempting to upgrade my local environment from 3.11 to 3.12 and found that prefect & marvin expect a version of pendulum <3.0, and pendulum only supports 3.12 from v 3.0.0.b1 onwards. Could be good to have a list of dependencies and THEIR compatibility with 3.12 as an indicator of the progress of prefect and marvin towards 3.12 support?