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date: 2020-10-20T09:26:21+08:00 # 创建日期 author: "Rustle Karl" # 作者

文章

title: "grep 搜索匹配关键词" # 文章标题

description: "文章描述"

url: "posts/linux/tools/standard/grep" # 设置网页永久链接 tags: [ "linux", "cmd" ] # 标签 series: [ "Linux 学习笔记" ] # 系列 categories: [ "学习笔记" ] # 分类

章节

weight: 20 # 排序优先级 chapter: false # 设置为章节

index: true # 是否可以被索引 toc: true # 是否自动生成目录 draft: false # 草稿

在文本中搜索匹配的关键词，显示结果

格式

grep [OPTION]... PATTERN [FILE]...

参数

Pattern selection and interpretation

参数 作用
-E, --extended-regexp PATTERN is an extended regular expression
-F, --fixed-strings PATTERN is a set of newline-separated strings
-G, --basic-regexp PATTERN is a basic regular expression (default)
-P, --perl-regexp PATTERN is a Perl regular expression
-e, --regexp = PATTERN use PATTERN for matching
-f, --file = FILE obtain PATTERN from FILE
-i, --ignore-case ignore case distinctions
-w, --word-regexp force PATTERN to match only whole words
-x, --line-regexp force PATTERN to match only whole lines
-z, --null-data a data line ends in 0 byte, not newline

Miscellaneous

参数 作用
-s, --no-messages suppress error messages
-v, --invert-match select non-matching lines
-V, --version display version information and exit
--help display this help text and exit

Output control

参数 作用
-m, --max-count = NUM stop after NUM selected lines
-b, --byte-offset print the byte offset with output lines
-n, --line-number print line number with output lines
--line-buffered flush output on every line
-H, --with-filename print file name with output lines
-h, --no-filename suppress the file name prefix on output
--label = LABEL use LABEL as the standard input file name prefix
-o, --only-matching show only the part of a line matching PATTERN
-q, --quiet, --silent suppress all normal output
--binary-files = TYPE assume that binary files are TYPE ; TYPE is 'binary', 'text', or 'without-match'
-a, --text equivalent to --binary-files = text
-I equivalent to --binary-files = without-match
-d, --directories = ACTION how to handle directories ; ACTION is 'read', 'recurse', or 'skip'
-D, --devices = ACTION how to handle devices, FIFOs and sockets ; ACTION is 'read' or 'skip'
-r, --recursive like --directories = recurse
-R, --dereference-recursive likewise, but follow all symlinks
--include = FILE_PATTERN search only files that match FILE_PATTERN
--exclude = FILE_PATTERN skip files and directories matching FILE_PATTERN
--exclude-from = FILE skip files matching any file pattern from FILE
--exclude-dir = PATTERN directories that match PATTERN will be skipped.
-L, --files-without-match print only names of FILEs with no selected lines
-l, --files-with-matches print only names of FILEs with selected lines
-c, --count print only a count of selected lines per FILE
-T, --initial-tab make tabs line up (if needed)
-Z, --null print 0 byte after FILE name

Context control

参数 作用
-B, --before-context = NUM print NUM lines of leading context
-A, --after-context = NUM print NUM lines of trailing context
-C, --context = NUM print NUM lines of output context
-NUM same as --context = NUM
--color[ = WHEN], --colour[ = WHEN] use markers to highlight the matching strings ; WHEN is 'always', 'never', or 'auto'
-U, --binary do not strip CR characters at EOL (MSDOS/Windows)

示例

  1. 显示匹配结果的行号
echo -e "abc\ndef\nghi\njkl" > demo
cat demo
abc
def
ghi
jkl

grep -n ghi demo
3:ghi
  1. 反选匹配结果
grep -nv ghi demo
1:abc
2:def
4:jkl
  1. 在 Linux 系统中，/etc/passwd 文件保存着所有用户的信息，而一旦用户的登录终端被设置成 /sbin/nologin，则表示不允许登录系统，因此可以使用 grep 命令来查找出当前系统中不允许登录系统的所有用户信息：
grep /sbin/nologin /etc/passwd
bin:x:2:2:bin:/bin:/usr/sbin/nologin
sys:x:3:3:sys:/dev:/usr/sbin/nologin
sshd:x:107:65534::/run/sshd:/usr/sbin/nologin