diff --git a/Analysis/include/Luau/Scope.h b/Analysis/include/Luau/Scope.h
index 5f1630d5b..0e6eff56d 100644
--- a/Analysis/include/Luau/Scope.h
+++ b/Analysis/include/Luau/Scope.h
@@ -102,4 +102,12 @@ bool subsumesStrict(Scope* left, Scope* right);
 // outermost-possible scope.
 bool subsumes(Scope* left, Scope* right);
 
+inline Scope* max(Scope* left, Scope* right)
+{
+    if (subsumes(left, right))
+        return right;
+    else
+        return left;
+}
+
 } // namespace Luau
diff --git a/Analysis/src/BuiltinDefinitions.cpp b/Analysis/src/BuiltinDefinitions.cpp
index f9ce87e0e..a9c519fef 100644
--- a/Analysis/src/BuiltinDefinitions.cpp
+++ b/Analysis/src/BuiltinDefinitions.cpp
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@
  */
 
 LUAU_FASTFLAG(DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution);
-LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauMakeStringMethodsChecked, false);
 
 namespace Luau
 {
@@ -773,153 +772,87 @@ TypeId makeStringMetatable(NotNull<BuiltinTypes> builtinTypes)
     const TypePackId numberVariadicList = arena->addTypePack(TypePackVar{VariadicTypePack{numberType}});
 
 
-    if (FFlag::LuauMakeStringMethodsChecked)
-    {
-        FunctionType formatFTV{arena->addTypePack(TypePack{{stringType}, variadicTailPack}), oneStringPack};
-        formatFTV.magicFunction = &magicFunctionFormat;
-        formatFTV.isCheckedFunction = true;
-        const TypeId formatFn = arena->addType(formatFTV);
-        attachDcrMagicFunction(formatFn, dcrMagicFunctionFormat);
-
-
-        const TypeId stringToStringType = makeFunction(*arena, std::nullopt, {}, {}, {stringType}, {}, {stringType}, /* checked */ true);
-
-        const TypeId replArgType = arena->addType(
-            UnionType{{stringType, arena->addType(TableType({}, TableIndexer(stringType, stringType), TypeLevel{}, TableState::Generic)),
-                makeFunction(*arena, std::nullopt, {}, {}, {stringType}, {}, {stringType}, /* checked */ false)}});
-        const TypeId gsubFunc =
-            makeFunction(*arena, stringType, {}, {}, {stringType, replArgType, optionalNumber}, {}, {stringType, numberType}, /* checked */ false);
-        const TypeId gmatchFunc = makeFunction(
-            *arena, stringType, {}, {}, {stringType}, {}, {arena->addType(FunctionType{emptyPack, stringVariadicList})}, /* checked */ true);
-        attachMagicFunction(gmatchFunc, magicFunctionGmatch);
-        attachDcrMagicFunction(gmatchFunc, dcrMagicFunctionGmatch);
-
-        FunctionType matchFuncTy{
-            arena->addTypePack({stringType, stringType, optionalNumber}), arena->addTypePack(TypePackVar{VariadicTypePack{stringType}})};
-        matchFuncTy.isCheckedFunction = true;
-        const TypeId matchFunc = arena->addType(matchFuncTy);
-        attachMagicFunction(matchFunc, magicFunctionMatch);
-        attachDcrMagicFunction(matchFunc, dcrMagicFunctionMatch);
-
-        FunctionType findFuncTy{arena->addTypePack({stringType, stringType, optionalNumber, optionalBoolean}),
-            arena->addTypePack(TypePack{{optionalNumber, optionalNumber}, stringVariadicList})};
-        findFuncTy.isCheckedFunction = true;
-        const TypeId findFunc = arena->addType(findFuncTy);
-        attachMagicFunction(findFunc, magicFunctionFind);
-        attachDcrMagicFunction(findFunc, dcrMagicFunctionFind);
-
-        // string.byte : string -> number? -> number? -> ...number
-        FunctionType stringDotByte{arena->addTypePack({stringType, optionalNumber, optionalNumber}), numberVariadicList};
-        stringDotByte.isCheckedFunction = true;
-
-        // string.char : .... number -> string
-        FunctionType stringDotChar{numberVariadicList, arena->addTypePack({stringType})};
-        stringDotChar.isCheckedFunction = true;
-
-        // string.unpack : string -> string -> number? -> ...any
-        FunctionType stringDotUnpack{
-            arena->addTypePack(TypePack{{stringType, stringType, optionalNumber}}),
-            variadicTailPack,
-        };
-        stringDotUnpack.isCheckedFunction = true;
-
-        TableType::Props stringLib = {
-            {"byte", {arena->addType(stringDotByte)}},
-            {"char", {arena->addType(stringDotChar)}},
-            {"find", {findFunc}},
-            {"format", {formatFn}}, // FIXME
-            {"gmatch", {gmatchFunc}},
-            {"gsub", {gsubFunc}},
-            {"len", {makeFunction(*arena, stringType, {}, {}, {}, {}, {numberType}, /* checked */ true)}},
-            {"lower", {stringToStringType}},
-            {"match", {matchFunc}},
-            {"rep", {makeFunction(*arena, stringType, {}, {}, {numberType}, {}, {stringType}, /* checked */ true)}},
-            {"reverse", {stringToStringType}},
-            {"sub", {makeFunction(*arena, stringType, {}, {}, {numberType, optionalNumber}, {}, {stringType}, /* checked */ true)}},
-            {"upper", {stringToStringType}},
-            {"split", {makeFunction(*arena, stringType, {}, {}, {optionalString}, {},
-                          {arena->addType(TableType{{}, TableIndexer{numberType, stringType}, TypeLevel{}, TableState::Sealed})},
-                          /* checked */ true)}},
-            {"pack", {arena->addType(FunctionType{
-                         arena->addTypePack(TypePack{{stringType}, variadicTailPack}),
-                         oneStringPack,
-                     })}},
-            {"packsize", {makeFunction(*arena, stringType, {}, {}, {}, {}, {numberType}, /* checked */ true)}},
-            {"unpack", {arena->addType(stringDotUnpack)}},
-        };
-        assignPropDocumentationSymbols(stringLib, "@luau/global/string");
-
-        TypeId tableType = arena->addType(TableType{std::move(stringLib), std::nullopt, TypeLevel{}, TableState::Sealed});
-
-        if (TableType* ttv = getMutable<TableType>(tableType))
-            ttv->name = "typeof(string)";
-
-        return arena->addType(TableType{{{{"__index", {tableType}}}}, std::nullopt, TypeLevel{}, TableState::Sealed});
-    }
-    else
-    {
-        FunctionType formatFTV{arena->addTypePack(TypePack{{stringType}, variadicTailPack}), oneStringPack};
-        formatFTV.magicFunction = &magicFunctionFormat;
-        const TypeId formatFn = arena->addType(formatFTV);
-        attachDcrMagicFunction(formatFn, dcrMagicFunctionFormat);
-
-        const TypeId stringToStringType = makeFunction(*arena, std::nullopt, {}, {}, {stringType}, {}, {stringType});
-
-        const TypeId replArgType = arena->addType(
-            UnionType{{stringType, arena->addType(TableType({}, TableIndexer(stringType, stringType), TypeLevel{}, TableState::Generic)),
-                makeFunction(*arena, std::nullopt, {}, {}, {stringType}, {}, {stringType})}});
-        const TypeId gsubFunc = makeFunction(*arena, stringType, {}, {}, {stringType, replArgType, optionalNumber}, {}, {stringType, numberType});
-        const TypeId gmatchFunc =
-            makeFunction(*arena, stringType, {}, {}, {stringType}, {}, {arena->addType(FunctionType{emptyPack, stringVariadicList})});
-        attachMagicFunction(gmatchFunc, magicFunctionGmatch);
-        attachDcrMagicFunction(gmatchFunc, dcrMagicFunctionGmatch);
-
-        const TypeId matchFunc = arena->addType(FunctionType{
-            arena->addTypePack({stringType, stringType, optionalNumber}), arena->addTypePack(TypePackVar{VariadicTypePack{stringType}})});
-        attachMagicFunction(matchFunc, magicFunctionMatch);
-        attachDcrMagicFunction(matchFunc, dcrMagicFunctionMatch);
-
-        const TypeId findFunc = arena->addType(FunctionType{arena->addTypePack({stringType, stringType, optionalNumber, optionalBoolean}),
-            arena->addTypePack(TypePack{{optionalNumber, optionalNumber}, stringVariadicList})});
-        attachMagicFunction(findFunc, magicFunctionFind);
-        attachDcrMagicFunction(findFunc, dcrMagicFunctionFind);
-
-        TableType::Props stringLib = {
-            {"byte", {arena->addType(FunctionType{arena->addTypePack({stringType, optionalNumber, optionalNumber}), numberVariadicList})}},
-            {"char", {arena->addType(FunctionType{numberVariadicList, arena->addTypePack({stringType})})}},
-            {"find", {findFunc}},
-            {"format", {formatFn}}, // FIXME
-            {"gmatch", {gmatchFunc}},
-            {"gsub", {gsubFunc}},
-            {"len", {makeFunction(*arena, stringType, {}, {}, {}, {}, {numberType})}},
-            {"lower", {stringToStringType}},
-            {"match", {matchFunc}},
-            {"rep", {makeFunction(*arena, stringType, {}, {}, {numberType}, {}, {stringType})}},
-            {"reverse", {stringToStringType}},
-            {"sub", {makeFunction(*arena, stringType, {}, {}, {numberType, optionalNumber}, {}, {stringType})}},
-            {"upper", {stringToStringType}},
-            {"split", {makeFunction(*arena, stringType, {}, {}, {optionalString}, {},
-                          {arena->addType(TableType{{}, TableIndexer{numberType, stringType}, TypeLevel{}, TableState::Sealed})})}},
-            {"pack", {arena->addType(FunctionType{
-                         arena->addTypePack(TypePack{{stringType}, variadicTailPack}),
-                         oneStringPack,
-                     })}},
-            {"packsize", {makeFunction(*arena, stringType, {}, {}, {}, {}, {numberType})}},
-            {"unpack", {arena->addType(FunctionType{
-                           arena->addTypePack(TypePack{{stringType, stringType, optionalNumber}}),
-                           variadicTailPack,
-                       })}},
-        };
-
-        assignPropDocumentationSymbols(stringLib, "@luau/global/string");
-
-        TypeId tableType = arena->addType(TableType{std::move(stringLib), std::nullopt, TypeLevel{}, TableState::Sealed});
-
-        if (TableType* ttv = getMutable<TableType>(tableType))
-            ttv->name = "typeof(string)";
-
-        return arena->addType(TableType{{{{"__index", {tableType}}}}, std::nullopt, TypeLevel{}, TableState::Sealed});
-    }
+    FunctionType formatFTV{arena->addTypePack(TypePack{{stringType}, variadicTailPack}), oneStringPack};
+    formatFTV.magicFunction = &magicFunctionFormat;
+    formatFTV.isCheckedFunction = true;
+    const TypeId formatFn = arena->addType(formatFTV);
+    attachDcrMagicFunction(formatFn, dcrMagicFunctionFormat);
+
+
+    const TypeId stringToStringType = makeFunction(*arena, std::nullopt, {}, {}, {stringType}, {}, {stringType}, /* checked */ true);
+
+    const TypeId replArgType =
+        arena->addType(UnionType{{stringType, arena->addType(TableType({}, TableIndexer(stringType, stringType), TypeLevel{}, TableState::Generic)),
+            makeFunction(*arena, std::nullopt, {}, {}, {stringType}, {}, {stringType}, /* checked */ false)}});
+    const TypeId gsubFunc =
+        makeFunction(*arena, stringType, {}, {}, {stringType, replArgType, optionalNumber}, {}, {stringType, numberType}, /* checked */ false);
+    const TypeId gmatchFunc =
+        makeFunction(*arena, stringType, {}, {}, {stringType}, {}, {arena->addType(FunctionType{emptyPack, stringVariadicList})}, /* checked */ true);
+    attachMagicFunction(gmatchFunc, magicFunctionGmatch);
+    attachDcrMagicFunction(gmatchFunc, dcrMagicFunctionGmatch);
+
+    FunctionType matchFuncTy{
+        arena->addTypePack({stringType, stringType, optionalNumber}), arena->addTypePack(TypePackVar{VariadicTypePack{stringType}})};
+    matchFuncTy.isCheckedFunction = true;
+    const TypeId matchFunc = arena->addType(matchFuncTy);
+    attachMagicFunction(matchFunc, magicFunctionMatch);
+    attachDcrMagicFunction(matchFunc, dcrMagicFunctionMatch);
+
+    FunctionType findFuncTy{arena->addTypePack({stringType, stringType, optionalNumber, optionalBoolean}),
+        arena->addTypePack(TypePack{{optionalNumber, optionalNumber}, stringVariadicList})};
+    findFuncTy.isCheckedFunction = true;
+    const TypeId findFunc = arena->addType(findFuncTy);
+    attachMagicFunction(findFunc, magicFunctionFind);
+    attachDcrMagicFunction(findFunc, dcrMagicFunctionFind);
+
+    // string.byte : string -> number? -> number? -> ...number
+    FunctionType stringDotByte{arena->addTypePack({stringType, optionalNumber, optionalNumber}), numberVariadicList};
+    stringDotByte.isCheckedFunction = true;
+
+    // string.char : .... number -> string
+    FunctionType stringDotChar{numberVariadicList, arena->addTypePack({stringType})};
+    stringDotChar.isCheckedFunction = true;
+
+    // string.unpack : string -> string -> number? -> ...any
+    FunctionType stringDotUnpack{
+        arena->addTypePack(TypePack{{stringType, stringType, optionalNumber}}),
+        variadicTailPack,
+    };
+    stringDotUnpack.isCheckedFunction = true;
+
+    TableType::Props stringLib = {
+        {"byte", {arena->addType(stringDotByte)}},
+        {"char", {arena->addType(stringDotChar)}},
+        {"find", {findFunc}},
+        {"format", {formatFn}}, // FIXME
+        {"gmatch", {gmatchFunc}},
+        {"gsub", {gsubFunc}},
+        {"len", {makeFunction(*arena, stringType, {}, {}, {}, {}, {numberType}, /* checked */ true)}},
+        {"lower", {stringToStringType}},
+        {"match", {matchFunc}},
+        {"rep", {makeFunction(*arena, stringType, {}, {}, {numberType}, {}, {stringType}, /* checked */ true)}},
+        {"reverse", {stringToStringType}},
+        {"sub", {makeFunction(*arena, stringType, {}, {}, {numberType, optionalNumber}, {}, {stringType}, /* checked */ true)}},
+        {"upper", {stringToStringType}},
+        {"split", {makeFunction(*arena, stringType, {}, {}, {optionalString}, {},
+                      {arena->addType(TableType{{}, TableIndexer{numberType, stringType}, TypeLevel{}, TableState::Sealed})},
+                      /* checked */ true)}},
+        {"pack", {arena->addType(FunctionType{
+                     arena->addTypePack(TypePack{{stringType}, variadicTailPack}),
+                     oneStringPack,
+                 })}},
+        {"packsize", {makeFunction(*arena, stringType, {}, {}, {}, {}, {numberType}, /* checked */ true)}},
+        {"unpack", {arena->addType(stringDotUnpack)}},
+    };
+
+    assignPropDocumentationSymbols(stringLib, "@luau/global/string");
+
+    TypeId tableType = arena->addType(TableType{std::move(stringLib), std::nullopt, TypeLevel{}, TableState::Sealed});
+
+    if (TableType* ttv = getMutable<TableType>(tableType))
+        ttv->name = "typeof(string)";
+
+    return arena->addType(TableType{{{{"__index", {tableType}}}}, std::nullopt, TypeLevel{}, TableState::Sealed});
 }
 
 static std::optional<WithPredicate<TypePackId>> magicFunctionSelect(
diff --git a/Analysis/src/Error.cpp b/Analysis/src/Error.cpp
index 98b15b77b..2087e3d32 100644
--- a/Analysis/src/Error.cpp
+++ b/Analysis/src/Error.cpp
@@ -7,11 +7,13 @@
 #include "Luau/NotNull.h"
 #include "Luau/StringUtils.h"
 #include "Luau/ToString.h"
+#include "Luau/TypeFamily.h"
 
 #include <optional>
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <string>
 #include <type_traits>
+#include <unordered_set>
 
 LUAU_FASTINTVARIABLE(LuauIndentTypeMismatchMaxTypeLength, 10)
 
@@ -61,6 +63,23 @@ static std::string wrongNumberOfArgsString(
 namespace Luau
 {
 
+// this list of binary operator type families is used for better stringification of type families errors
+static const std::unordered_map<std::string, const char*> kBinaryOps{
+    {"add", "+"}, {"sub", "-"}, {"mul", "*"}, {"div", "/"}, {"idiv", "//"}, {"pow", "^"}, {"mod", "%"}, {"concat", ".."}, {"and", "and"},
+    {"or", "or"},  {"lt", "< or >="}, {"le", "<= or >"}, {"eq", "== or ~="}
+};
+
+// this list of unary operator type families is used for better stringification of type families errors
+static const std::unordered_map<std::string, const char*> kUnaryOps{
+    {"unm", "-"}, {"len", "#"}, {"not", "not"}
+};
+
+// this list of type families will receive a special error indicating that the user should file a bug on the GitHub repository
+// putting a type family in this list indicates that it is expected to _always_ reduce
+static const std::unordered_set<std::string> kUnreachableTypeFamilies{
+    "refine", "singleton", "union", "intersect"
+};
+
 struct ErrorConverter
 {
     FileResolver* fileResolver = nullptr;
@@ -565,6 +584,96 @@ struct ErrorConverter
 
     std::string operator()(const UninhabitedTypeFamily& e) const
     {
+        auto tfit = get<TypeFamilyInstanceType>(e.ty);
+        LUAU_ASSERT(tfit); // Luau analysis has actually done something wrong if this type is not a type family.
+        if (!tfit)
+            return "Unexpected type " + Luau::toString(e.ty) + " flagged as an uninhabited type family.";
+
+        // unary operators
+        if (auto unaryString = kUnaryOps.find(tfit->family->name); unaryString != kUnaryOps.end())
+        {
+            std::string result = "Operator '" + std::string(unaryString->second) + "' could not be applied to ";
+
+            if (tfit->typeArguments.size() == 1 && tfit->packArguments.empty())
+            {
+                result += "operand of type " + Luau::toString(tfit->typeArguments[0]);
+
+                if (tfit->family->name != "not")
+                    result += "; there is no corresponding overload for __" + tfit->family->name;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // if it's not the expected case, we ought to add a specialization later, but this is a sane default.
+                result += "operands of types ";
+
+                bool isFirst = true;
+                for (auto arg : tfit->typeArguments)
+                {
+                    if (!isFirst)
+                        result += ", ";
+
+                    result += Luau::toString(arg);
+                    isFirst = false;
+                }
+
+                for (auto packArg : tfit->packArguments)
+                    result += ", " + Luau::toString(packArg);
+            }
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        // binary operators
+        if (auto binaryString = kBinaryOps.find(tfit->family->name); binaryString != kBinaryOps.end())
+        {
+            std::string result = "Operator '" + std::string(binaryString->second) + "' could not be applied to operands of types ";
+
+            if (tfit->typeArguments.size() == 2 && tfit->packArguments.empty())
+            {
+                // this is the expected case.
+                result += Luau::toString(tfit->typeArguments[0]) + " and " + Luau::toString(tfit->typeArguments[1]);
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                // if it's not the expected case, we ought to add a specialization later, but this is a sane default.
+
+                bool isFirst = true;
+                for (auto arg : tfit->typeArguments)
+                {
+                    if (!isFirst)
+                        result += ", ";
+
+                    result += Luau::toString(arg);
+                    isFirst = false;
+                }
+
+                for (auto packArg : tfit->packArguments)
+                    result += ", " + Luau::toString(packArg);
+            }
+
+            result += "; there is no corresponding overload for __" + tfit->family->name;
+
+            return result;
+        }
+
+        // miscellaneous
+
+        if ("keyof" == tfit->family->name || "rawkeyof" == tfit->family->name)
+        {
+            if (tfit->typeArguments.size() == 1 && tfit->packArguments.empty())
+                return "Type '" + toString(tfit->typeArguments[0]) + "' does not have keys, so '" + Luau::toString(e.ty) + "' is invalid";
+            else
+                return "Type family instance " + Luau::toString(e.ty) + " is ill-formed, and thus invalid";
+        }
+
+        if (kUnreachableTypeFamilies.count(tfit->family->name))
+        {
+            return "Type family instance " + Luau::toString(e.ty) + " is uninhabited\n" +
+                "This is likely to be a bug, please report it at https://github.com/luau-lang/luau/issues";
+        }
+
+        // Everything should be specialized above to report a more descriptive error that hopefully does not mention "type families" explicitly.
+        // If we produce this message, it's an indication that we've missed a specialization and it should be fixed!
         return "Type family instance " + Luau::toString(e.ty) + " is uninhabited";
     }
 
diff --git a/Analysis/src/Normalize.cpp b/Analysis/src/Normalize.cpp
index 3c63a7fdd..5b14fd5f2 100644
--- a/Analysis/src/Normalize.cpp
+++ b/Analysis/src/Normalize.cpp
@@ -2534,6 +2534,7 @@ std::optional<TypeId> Normalizer::intersectionOfTables(TypeId here, TypeId there
         state = tttv->state;
 
     TypeLevel level = max(httv->level, tttv->level);
+    Scope* scope = max(httv->scope, tttv->scope);
 
     std::unique_ptr<TableType> result = nullptr;
     bool hereSubThere = true;
@@ -2644,7 +2645,7 @@ std::optional<TypeId> Normalizer::intersectionOfTables(TypeId here, TypeId there
         if (prop.readTy || prop.writeTy)
         {
             if (!result.get())
-                result = std::make_unique<TableType>(TableType{state, level});
+                result = std::make_unique<TableType>(TableType{state, level, scope});
             result->props[name] = prop;
         }
     }
@@ -2654,7 +2655,7 @@ std::optional<TypeId> Normalizer::intersectionOfTables(TypeId here, TypeId there
         if (httv->props.count(name) == 0)
         {
             if (!result.get())
-                result = std::make_unique<TableType>(TableType{state, level});
+                result = std::make_unique<TableType>(TableType{state, level, scope});
 
             result->props[name] = tprop;
             hereSubThere = false;
@@ -2667,7 +2668,7 @@ std::optional<TypeId> Normalizer::intersectionOfTables(TypeId here, TypeId there
         TypeId index = unionType(httv->indexer->indexType, tttv->indexer->indexType);
         TypeId indexResult = intersectionType(httv->indexer->indexResultType, tttv->indexer->indexResultType);
         if (!result.get())
-            result = std::make_unique<TableType>(TableType{state, level});
+            result = std::make_unique<TableType>(TableType{state, level, scope});
         result->indexer = {index, indexResult};
         hereSubThere &= (httv->indexer->indexType == index) && (httv->indexer->indexResultType == indexResult);
         thereSubHere &= (tttv->indexer->indexType == index) && (tttv->indexer->indexResultType == indexResult);
@@ -2675,14 +2676,14 @@ std::optional<TypeId> Normalizer::intersectionOfTables(TypeId here, TypeId there
     else if (httv->indexer)
     {
         if (!result.get())
-            result = std::make_unique<TableType>(TableType{state, level});
+            result = std::make_unique<TableType>(TableType{state, level, scope});
         result->indexer = httv->indexer;
         thereSubHere = false;
     }
     else if (tttv->indexer)
     {
         if (!result.get())
-            result = std::make_unique<TableType>(TableType{state, level});
+            result = std::make_unique<TableType>(TableType{state, level, scope});
         result->indexer = tttv->indexer;
         hereSubThere = false;
     }
@@ -2697,7 +2698,7 @@ std::optional<TypeId> Normalizer::intersectionOfTables(TypeId here, TypeId there
         if (result.get())
             table = arena->addType(std::move(*result));
         else
-            table = arena->addType(TableType{state, level});
+            table = arena->addType(TableType{state, level, scope});
     }
 
     if (tmtable && hmtable)
diff --git a/Analysis/src/Simplify.cpp b/Analysis/src/Simplify.cpp
index d29546a22..ca78d54df 100644
--- a/Analysis/src/Simplify.cpp
+++ b/Analysis/src/Simplify.cpp
@@ -1255,6 +1255,10 @@ TypeId TypeSimplifier::union_(TypeId left, TypeId right)
             case Relation::Coincident:
             case Relation::Superset:
                 return left;
+            case Relation::Subset:
+                newParts.insert(right);
+                changed = true;
+                break;
             default:
                 newParts.insert(part);
                 newParts.insert(right);
diff --git a/Analysis/src/TypeChecker2.cpp b/Analysis/src/TypeChecker2.cpp
index d0d371279..37e0f0390 100644
--- a/Analysis/src/TypeChecker2.cpp
+++ b/Analysis/src/TypeChecker2.cpp
@@ -1242,13 +1242,14 @@ struct TypeChecker2
 
     void visit(AstExprConstantBool* expr)
     {
-#if defined(LUAU_ENABLE_ASSERT)
+        // booleans use specialized inference logic for singleton types, which can lead to real type errors here.
+
         const TypeId bestType = expr->value ? builtinTypes->trueType : builtinTypes->falseType;
         const TypeId inferredType = lookupType(expr);
 
         const SubtypingResult r = subtyping->isSubtype(bestType, inferredType);
-        LUAU_ASSERT(r.isSubtype || isErrorSuppressing(expr->location, inferredType));
-#endif
+        if (!r.isSubtype && !isErrorSuppressing(expr->location, inferredType))
+            reportError(TypeMismatch{inferredType, bestType}, expr->location);
     }
 
     void visit(AstExprConstantNumber* expr)
@@ -1264,13 +1265,14 @@ struct TypeChecker2
 
     void visit(AstExprConstantString* expr)
     {
-#if defined(LUAU_ENABLE_ASSERT)
+        // strings use specialized inference logic for singleton types, which can lead to real type errors here.
+
         const TypeId bestType = module->internalTypes.addType(SingletonType{StringSingleton{std::string{expr->value.data, expr->value.size}}});
         const TypeId inferredType = lookupType(expr);
 
         const SubtypingResult r = subtyping->isSubtype(bestType, inferredType);
-        LUAU_ASSERT(r.isSubtype || isErrorSuppressing(expr->location, inferredType));
-#endif
+        if (!r.isSubtype && !isErrorSuppressing(expr->location, inferredType))
+            reportError(TypeMismatch{inferredType, bestType}, expr->location);
     }
 
     void visit(AstExprLocal* expr)
diff --git a/Analysis/src/TypeFamily.cpp b/Analysis/src/TypeFamily.cpp
index e336a5cd8..a8d7d2f7b 100644
--- a/Analysis/src/TypeFamily.cpp
+++ b/Analysis/src/TypeFamily.cpp
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ LUAU_DYNAMIC_FASTINTVARIABLE(LuauTypeFamilyApplicationCartesianProductLimit, 5'0
 // when this value is set to a negative value, guessing will be totally disabled.
 LUAU_DYNAMIC_FASTINTVARIABLE(LuauTypeFamilyUseGuesserDepth, -1);
 
-LUAU_FASTFLAG(DebugLuauLogSolver);
+LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(DebugLuauLogTypeFamilies, false);
 
 namespace Luau
 {
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ struct FamilyReducer
         if (subject->owningArena != ctx.arena.get())
             ctx.ice->ice("Attempting to modify a type family instance from another arena", location);
 
-        if (FFlag::DebugLuauLogSolver)
+        if (FFlag::DebugLuauLogTypeFamilies)
             printf("%s -> %s\n", toString(subject, {true}).c_str(), toString(replacement, {true}).c_str());
 
         asMutable(subject)->ty.template emplace<Unifiable::Bound<T>>(replacement);
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ struct FamilyReducer
 
             if (reduction.uninhabited || force)
             {
-                if (FFlag::DebugLuauLogSolver)
+                if (FFlag::DebugLuauLogTypeFamilies)
                     printf("%s is uninhabited\n", toString(subject, {true}).c_str());
 
                 if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, TypeId>)
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ struct FamilyReducer
             }
             else if (!reduction.uninhabited && !force)
             {
-                if (FFlag::DebugLuauLogSolver)
+                if (FFlag::DebugLuauLogTypeFamilies)
                     printf("%s is irreducible; blocked on %zu types, %zu packs\n", toString(subject, {true}).c_str(), reduction.blockedTypes.size(),
                         reduction.blockedPacks.size());
 
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ struct FamilyReducer
 
             if (skip == SkipTestResult::Irreducible)
             {
-                if (FFlag::DebugLuauLogSolver)
+                if (FFlag::DebugLuauLogTypeFamilies)
                     printf("%s is irreducible due to a dependency on %s\n", toString(subject, {true}).c_str(), toString(p, {true}).c_str());
 
                 irreducible.insert(subject);
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ struct FamilyReducer
             }
             else if (skip == SkipTestResult::Defer)
             {
-                if (FFlag::DebugLuauLogSolver)
+                if (FFlag::DebugLuauLogTypeFamilies)
                     printf("Deferring %s until %s is solved\n", toString(subject, {true}).c_str(), toString(p, {true}).c_str());
 
                 if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, TypeId>)
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ struct FamilyReducer
 
             if (skip == SkipTestResult::Irreducible)
             {
-                if (FFlag::DebugLuauLogSolver)
+                if (FFlag::DebugLuauLogTypeFamilies)
                     printf("%s is irreducible due to a dependency on %s\n", toString(subject, {true}).c_str(), toString(p, {true}).c_str());
 
                 irreducible.insert(subject);
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ struct FamilyReducer
             }
             else if (skip == SkipTestResult::Defer)
             {
-                if (FFlag::DebugLuauLogSolver)
+                if (FFlag::DebugLuauLogTypeFamilies)
                     printf("Deferring %s until %s is solved\n", toString(subject, {true}).c_str(), toString(p, {true}).c_str());
 
                 if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, TypeId>)
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ struct FamilyReducer
     {
         if (shouldGuess.contains(subject))
         {
-            if (FFlag::DebugLuauLogSolver)
+            if (FFlag::DebugLuauLogTypeFamilies)
                 printf("Flagged %s for reduction with guesser.\n", toString(subject, {true}).c_str());
 
             TypeFamilyReductionGuesser guesser{ctx.arena, ctx.builtins, ctx.normalizer};
@@ -305,14 +305,14 @@ struct FamilyReducer
 
             if (guessed)
             {
-                if (FFlag::DebugLuauLogSolver)
+                if (FFlag::DebugLuauLogTypeFamilies)
                     printf("Selected %s as the guessed result type.\n", toString(*guessed, {true}).c_str());
 
                 replace(subject, *guessed);
                 return true;
             }
 
-            if (FFlag::DebugLuauLogSolver)
+            if (FFlag::DebugLuauLogTypeFamilies)
                 printf("Failed to produce a guess for the result of %s.\n", toString(subject, {true}).c_str());
         }
 
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ struct FamilyReducer
         if (irreducible.contains(subject))
             return;
 
-        if (FFlag::DebugLuauLogSolver)
+        if (FFlag::DebugLuauLogTypeFamilies)
             printf("Trying to reduce %s\n", toString(subject, {true}).c_str());
 
         if (const TypeFamilyInstanceType* tfit = get<TypeFamilyInstanceType>(subject))
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ struct FamilyReducer
 
             if (!testParameters(subject, tfit) && testCyclic != SkipTestResult::CyclicTypeFamily)
             {
-                if (FFlag::DebugLuauLogSolver)
+                if (FFlag::DebugLuauLogTypeFamilies)
                     printf("Irreducible due to irreducible/pending and a non-cyclic family\n");
 
                 return;
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ struct FamilyReducer
         if (irreducible.contains(subject))
             return;
 
-        if (FFlag::DebugLuauLogSolver)
+        if (FFlag::DebugLuauLogTypeFamilies)
             printf("Trying to reduce %s\n", toString(subject, {true}).c_str());
 
         if (const TypeFamilyInstanceTypePack* tfit = get<TypeFamilyInstanceTypePack>(subject))
diff --git a/CodeGen/include/Luau/CodeGen.h b/CodeGen/include/Luau/CodeGen.h
index 19a9b3c94..ac444b7bb 100644
--- a/CodeGen/include/Luau/CodeGen.h
+++ b/CodeGen/include/Luau/CodeGen.h
@@ -144,8 +144,17 @@ using UniqueSharedCodeGenContext = std::unique_ptr<SharedCodeGenContext, SharedC
 // SharedCodeGenContext must be destroyed before this function is called.
 void destroySharedCodeGenContext(const SharedCodeGenContext* codeGenContext) noexcept;
 
-void create(lua_State* L, AllocationCallback* allocationCallback, void* allocationCallbackContext);
+// Initializes native code-gen on the provided Luau VM, using a VM-specific
+// code-gen context and either the default allocator parameters or custom
+// allocator parameters.
 void create(lua_State* L);
+void create(lua_State* L, AllocationCallback* allocationCallback, void* allocationCallbackContext);
+void create(lua_State* L, size_t blockSize, size_t maxTotalSize, AllocationCallback* allocationCallback, void* allocationCallbackContext);
+
+// Initializes native code-gen on the provided Luau VM, using the provided
+// SharedCodeGenContext.  Note that after this function is called, the
+// SharedCodeGenContext must not be destroyed until after the Luau VM L is
+// destroyed via lua_close.
 void create(lua_State* L, SharedCodeGenContext* codeGenContext);
 
 // Check if native execution is enabled
diff --git a/CodeGen/include/Luau/UnwindBuilder.h b/CodeGen/include/Luau/UnwindBuilder.h
index 1ba377bab..03c9b56ab 100644
--- a/CodeGen/include/Luau/UnwindBuilder.h
+++ b/CodeGen/include/Luau/UnwindBuilder.h
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ namespace CodeGen
 {
 
 // This value is used in 'finishFunction' to mark the function that spans to the end of the whole code block
-static uint32_t kFullBlockFuncton = ~0u;
+static uint32_t kFullBlockFunction = ~0u;
 
 class UnwindBuilder
 {
@@ -52,11 +52,10 @@ class UnwindBuilder
     virtual void prologueX64(uint32_t prologueSize, uint32_t stackSize, bool setupFrame, std::initializer_list<X64::RegisterX64> gpr,
         const std::vector<X64::RegisterX64>& simd) = 0;
 
-    virtual size_t getSize() const = 0;
-    virtual size_t getFunctionCount() const = 0;
+    virtual size_t getUnwindInfoSize(size_t blockSize) const = 0;
 
     // This will place the unwinding data at the target address and might update values of some fields
-    virtual void finalize(char* target, size_t offset, void* funcAddress, size_t funcSize) const = 0;
+    virtual size_t finalize(char* target, size_t offset, void* funcAddress, size_t blockSize) const = 0;
 };
 
 } // namespace CodeGen
diff --git a/CodeGen/include/Luau/UnwindBuilderDwarf2.h b/CodeGen/include/Luau/UnwindBuilderDwarf2.h
index 741aaed22..1b634dec3 100644
--- a/CodeGen/include/Luau/UnwindBuilderDwarf2.h
+++ b/CodeGen/include/Luau/UnwindBuilderDwarf2.h
@@ -33,10 +33,9 @@ class UnwindBuilderDwarf2 : public UnwindBuilder
     void prologueX64(uint32_t prologueSize, uint32_t stackSize, bool setupFrame, std::initializer_list<X64::RegisterX64> gpr,
         const std::vector<X64::RegisterX64>& simd) override;
 
-    size_t getSize() const override;
-    size_t getFunctionCount() const override;
+    size_t getUnwindInfoSize(size_t blockSize = 0) const override;
 
-    void finalize(char* target, size_t offset, void* funcAddress, size_t funcSize) const override;
+    size_t finalize(char* target, size_t offset, void* funcAddress, size_t blockSize) const override;
 
 private:
     size_t beginOffset = 0;
diff --git a/CodeGen/include/Luau/UnwindBuilderWin.h b/CodeGen/include/Luau/UnwindBuilderWin.h
index 3a7e1b5ab..bc43b94a5 100644
--- a/CodeGen/include/Luau/UnwindBuilderWin.h
+++ b/CodeGen/include/Luau/UnwindBuilderWin.h
@@ -53,10 +53,9 @@ class UnwindBuilderWin : public UnwindBuilder
     void prologueX64(uint32_t prologueSize, uint32_t stackSize, bool setupFrame, std::initializer_list<X64::RegisterX64> gpr,
         const std::vector<X64::RegisterX64>& simd) override;
 
-    size_t getSize() const override;
-    size_t getFunctionCount() const override;
+    size_t getUnwindInfoSize(size_t blockSize = 0) const override;
 
-    void finalize(char* target, size_t offset, void* funcAddress, size_t funcSize) const override;
+    size_t finalize(char* target, size_t offset, void* funcAddress, size_t blockSize) const override;
 
 private:
     size_t beginOffset = 0;
diff --git a/CodeGen/src/CodeBlockUnwind.cpp b/CodeGen/src/CodeBlockUnwind.cpp
index b88760545..cb2d693ac 100644
--- a/CodeGen/src/CodeBlockUnwind.cpp
+++ b/CodeGen/src/CodeBlockUnwind.cpp
@@ -102,17 +102,17 @@ void* createBlockUnwindInfo(void* context, uint8_t* block, size_t blockSize, siz
     UnwindBuilder* unwind = (UnwindBuilder*)context;
 
     // All unwinding related data is placed together at the start of the block
-    size_t unwindSize = unwind->getSize();
+    size_t unwindSize = unwind->getUnwindInfoSize(blockSize);
     unwindSize = (unwindSize + (kCodeAlignment - 1)) & ~(kCodeAlignment - 1); // Match code allocator alignment
     CODEGEN_ASSERT(blockSize >= unwindSize);
 
     char* unwindData = (char*)block;
-    unwind->finalize(unwindData, unwindSize, block, blockSize);
+    [[maybe_unused]] size_t functionCount = unwind->finalize(unwindData, unwindSize, block, blockSize);
 
 #if defined(_WIN32) && defined(CODEGEN_TARGET_X64)
 
 #if WINAPI_FAMILY_PARTITION(WINAPI_PARTITION_APP | WINAPI_PARTITION_SYSTEM)
-    if (!RtlAddFunctionTable((RUNTIME_FUNCTION*)block, uint32_t(unwind->getFunctionCount()), uintptr_t(block)))
+    if (!RtlAddFunctionTable((RUNTIME_FUNCTION*)block, uint32_t(functionCount), uintptr_t(block)))
     {
         CODEGEN_ASSERT(!"Failed to allocate function table");
         return nullptr;
diff --git a/CodeGen/src/CodeGen.cpp b/CodeGen/src/CodeGen.cpp
index 5d6f1fb58..694a9f7e9 100644
--- a/CodeGen/src/CodeGen.cpp
+++ b/CodeGen/src/CodeGen.cpp
@@ -95,10 +95,6 @@ std::string toString(const CodeGenCompilationResult& result)
     return "";
 }
 
-void* gPerfLogContext = nullptr;
-PerfLogFn gPerfLogFn = nullptr;
-
-
 void onDisable(lua_State* L, Proto* proto)
 {
     // do nothing if proto already uses bytecode
@@ -196,59 +192,5 @@ bool isSupported()
 #endif
 }
 
-void create(lua_State* L, AllocationCallback* allocationCallback, void* allocationCallbackContext)
-{
-    create_NEW(L, allocationCallback, allocationCallbackContext);
-}
-
-void create(lua_State* L)
-{
-    create_NEW(L);
-}
-
-void create(lua_State* L, SharedCodeGenContext* codeGenContext)
-{
-    create_NEW(L, codeGenContext);
-}
-
-[[nodiscard]] bool isNativeExecutionEnabled(lua_State* L)
-{
-    return isNativeExecutionEnabled_NEW(L);
-}
-
-void setNativeExecutionEnabled(lua_State* L, bool enabled)
-{
-    setNativeExecutionEnabled_NEW(L, enabled);
-}
-
-CompilationResult compile(lua_State* L, int idx, unsigned int flags, CompilationStats* stats)
-{
-    Luau::CodeGen::CompilationOptions options{flags};
-
-    return compile_NEW(L, idx, options, stats);
-}
-
-CompilationResult compile(const ModuleId& moduleId, lua_State* L, int idx, unsigned int flags, CompilationStats* stats)
-{
-    Luau::CodeGen::CompilationOptions options{flags};
-    return compile_NEW(moduleId, L, idx, options, stats);
-}
-
-CompilationResult compile(lua_State* L, int idx, const CompilationOptions& options, CompilationStats* stats)
-{
-    return compile_NEW(L, idx, options, stats);
-}
-
-CompilationResult compile(const ModuleId& moduleId, lua_State* L, int idx, const CompilationOptions& options, CompilationStats* stats)
-{
-    return compile_NEW(moduleId, L, idx, options, stats);
-}
-
-void setPerfLog(void* context, PerfLogFn logFn)
-{
-    gPerfLogContext = context;
-    gPerfLogFn = logFn;
-}
-
 } // namespace CodeGen
 } // namespace Luau
diff --git a/CodeGen/src/CodeGenA64.cpp b/CodeGen/src/CodeGenA64.cpp
index a18278c95..05ac90137 100644
--- a/CodeGen/src/CodeGenA64.cpp
+++ b/CodeGen/src/CodeGenA64.cpp
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ static EntryLocations buildEntryFunction(AssemblyBuilderA64& build, UnwindBuilde
     // Our entry function is special, it spans the whole remaining code area
     unwind.startFunction();
     unwind.prologueA64(prologueSize, kStackSize, {x29, x30, x19, x20, x21, x22, x23, x24, x25});
-    unwind.finishFunction(build.getLabelOffset(locations.start), kFullBlockFuncton);
+    unwind.finishFunction(build.getLabelOffset(locations.start), kFullBlockFunction);
 
     return locations;
 }
diff --git a/CodeGen/src/CodeGenContext.cpp b/CodeGen/src/CodeGenContext.cpp
index cdffb1236..a94388f6f 100644
--- a/CodeGen/src/CodeGenContext.cpp
+++ b/CodeGen/src/CodeGenContext.cpp
@@ -25,11 +25,17 @@ namespace CodeGen
 static const Instruction kCodeEntryInsn = LOP_NATIVECALL;
 
 // From CodeGen.cpp
-extern void* gPerfLogContext;
-extern PerfLogFn gPerfLogFn;
+static void* gPerfLogContext = nullptr;
+static PerfLogFn gPerfLogFn = nullptr;
 
 unsigned int getCpuFeaturesA64();
 
+void setPerfLog(void* context, PerfLogFn logFn)
+{
+    gPerfLogContext = context;
+    gPerfLogFn = logFn;
+}
+
 static void logPerfFunction(Proto* p, uintptr_t addr, unsigned size)
 {
     CODEGEN_ASSERT(p->source);
@@ -365,17 +371,17 @@ static void initializeExecutionCallbacks(lua_State* L, BaseCodeGenContext* codeG
     ecb->getmemorysize = getMemorySize;
 }
 
-void create_NEW(lua_State* L)
+void create(lua_State* L)
 {
-    return create_NEW(L, size_t(FInt::LuauCodeGenBlockSize), size_t(FInt::LuauCodeGenMaxTotalSize), nullptr, nullptr);
+    return create(L, size_t(FInt::LuauCodeGenBlockSize), size_t(FInt::LuauCodeGenMaxTotalSize), nullptr, nullptr);
 }
 
-void create_NEW(lua_State* L, AllocationCallback* allocationCallback, void* allocationCallbackContext)
+void create(lua_State* L, AllocationCallback* allocationCallback, void* allocationCallbackContext)
 {
-    return create_NEW(L, size_t(FInt::LuauCodeGenBlockSize), size_t(FInt::LuauCodeGenMaxTotalSize), allocationCallback, allocationCallbackContext);
+    return create(L, size_t(FInt::LuauCodeGenBlockSize), size_t(FInt::LuauCodeGenMaxTotalSize), allocationCallback, allocationCallbackContext);
 }
 
-void create_NEW(lua_State* L, size_t blockSize, size_t maxTotalSize, AllocationCallback* allocationCallback, void* allocationCallbackContext)
+void create(lua_State* L, size_t blockSize, size_t maxTotalSize, AllocationCallback* allocationCallback, void* allocationCallbackContext)
 {
     std::unique_ptr<StandaloneCodeGenContext> codeGenContext =
         std::make_unique<StandaloneCodeGenContext>(blockSize, maxTotalSize, allocationCallback, allocationCallbackContext);
@@ -386,7 +392,7 @@ void create_NEW(lua_State* L, size_t blockSize, size_t maxTotalSize, AllocationC
     initializeExecutionCallbacks(L, codeGenContext.release());
 }
 
-void create_NEW(lua_State* L, SharedCodeGenContext* codeGenContext)
+void create(lua_State* L, SharedCodeGenContext* codeGenContext)
 {
     initializeExecutionCallbacks(L, codeGenContext);
 }
@@ -575,22 +581,32 @@ template<typename AssemblyBuilder>
     return compilationResult;
 }
 
-CompilationResult compile_NEW(const ModuleId& moduleId, lua_State* L, int idx, const CompilationOptions& options, CompilationStats* stats)
+CompilationResult compile(const ModuleId& moduleId, lua_State* L, int idx, const CompilationOptions& options, CompilationStats* stats)
 {
     return compileInternal(moduleId, L, idx, options, stats);
 }
 
-CompilationResult compile_NEW(lua_State* L, int idx, const CompilationOptions& options, CompilationStats* stats)
+CompilationResult compile(lua_State* L, int idx, const CompilationOptions& options, CompilationStats* stats)
 {
     return compileInternal({}, L, idx, options, stats);
 }
 
-[[nodiscard]] bool isNativeExecutionEnabled_NEW(lua_State* L)
+CompilationResult compile(lua_State* L, int idx, unsigned int flags, CompilationStats* stats)
+{
+    return compileInternal({}, L, idx, CompilationOptions{flags}, stats);
+}
+
+CompilationResult compile(const ModuleId& moduleId, lua_State* L, int idx, unsigned int flags, CompilationStats* stats)
+{
+    return compileInternal(moduleId, L, idx, CompilationOptions{flags}, stats);
+}
+
+[[nodiscard]] bool isNativeExecutionEnabled(lua_State* L)
 {
     return getCodeGenContext(L) != nullptr && L->global->ecb.enter == onEnter;
 }
 
-void setNativeExecutionEnabled_NEW(lua_State* L, bool enabled)
+void setNativeExecutionEnabled(lua_State* L, bool enabled)
 {
     if (getCodeGenContext(L) != nullptr)
         L->global->ecb.enter = enabled ? onEnter : onEnterDisabled;
diff --git a/CodeGen/src/CodeGenContext.h b/CodeGen/src/CodeGenContext.h
index c47121bce..516a7064d 100644
--- a/CodeGen/src/CodeGenContext.h
+++ b/CodeGen/src/CodeGenContext.h
@@ -88,33 +88,5 @@ class SharedCodeGenContext final : public BaseCodeGenContext
     SharedCodeAllocator sharedAllocator;
 };
 
-
-// The following will become the public interface, and can be moved into
-// CodeGen.h after the shared allocator work is complete.  When the old
-// implementation is removed, the _NEW suffix can be dropped from these
-// functions.
-
-// Initializes native code-gen on the provided Luau VM, using a VM-specific
-// code-gen context and either the default allocator parameters or custom
-// allocator parameters.
-void create_NEW(lua_State* L);
-void create_NEW(lua_State* L, AllocationCallback* allocationCallback, void* allocationCallbackContext);
-void create_NEW(lua_State* L, size_t blockSize, size_t maxTotalSize, AllocationCallback* allocationCallback, void* allocationCallbackContext);
-
-// Initializes native code-gen on the provided Luau VM, using the provided
-// SharedCodeGenContext.  Note that after this function is called, the
-// SharedCodeGenContext must not be destroyed until after the Luau VM L is
-// destroyed via lua_close.
-void create_NEW(lua_State* L, SharedCodeGenContext* codeGenContext);
-
-CompilationResult compile_NEW(lua_State* L, int idx, const CompilationOptions& options, CompilationStats* stats);
-CompilationResult compile_NEW(const ModuleId& moduleId, lua_State* L, int idx, const CompilationOptions& options, CompilationStats* stats);
-
-// Returns true if native execution is currently enabled for this VM
-[[nodiscard]] bool isNativeExecutionEnabled_NEW(lua_State* L);
-
-// Enables or disables native excution for this VM
-void setNativeExecutionEnabled_NEW(lua_State* L, bool enabled);
-
 } // namespace CodeGen
 } // namespace Luau
diff --git a/CodeGen/src/CodeGenX64.cpp b/CodeGen/src/CodeGenX64.cpp
index 5e450c9a1..7f4a9e0c6 100644
--- a/CodeGen/src/CodeGenX64.cpp
+++ b/CodeGen/src/CodeGenX64.cpp
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ static EntryLocations buildEntryFunction(AssemblyBuilderX64& build, UnwindBuilde
     build.ret();
 
     // Our entry function is special, it spans the whole remaining code area
-    unwind.finishFunction(build.getLabelOffset(locations.start), kFullBlockFuncton);
+    unwind.finishFunction(build.getLabelOffset(locations.start), kFullBlockFunction);
 
     return locations;
 }
diff --git a/CodeGen/src/EmitCommonX64.cpp b/CodeGen/src/EmitCommonX64.cpp
index c8d1e75a2..50f2208bb 100644
--- a/CodeGen/src/EmitCommonX64.cpp
+++ b/CodeGen/src/EmitCommonX64.cpp
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@
 
 #include <utility>
 
+LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauCodegenSplitDoarith, false)
+
 namespace Luau
 {
 namespace CodeGen
@@ -155,8 +157,45 @@ void callArithHelper(IrRegAllocX64& regs, AssemblyBuilderX64& build, int ra, Ope
     callWrap.addArgument(SizeX64::qword, luauRegAddress(ra));
     callWrap.addArgument(SizeX64::qword, b);
     callWrap.addArgument(SizeX64::qword, c);
-    callWrap.addArgument(SizeX64::dword, tm);
-    callWrap.call(qword[rNativeContext + offsetof(NativeContext, luaV_doarith)]);
+
+    if (FFlag::LuauCodegenSplitDoarith)
+    {
+        switch (tm)
+        {
+        case TM_ADD:
+            callWrap.call(qword[rNativeContext + offsetof(NativeContext, luaV_doarithadd)]);
+            break;
+        case TM_SUB:
+            callWrap.call(qword[rNativeContext + offsetof(NativeContext, luaV_doarithsub)]);
+            break;
+        case TM_MUL:
+            callWrap.call(qword[rNativeContext + offsetof(NativeContext, luaV_doarithmul)]);
+            break;
+        case TM_DIV:
+            callWrap.call(qword[rNativeContext + offsetof(NativeContext, luaV_doarithdiv)]);
+            break;
+        case TM_IDIV:
+            callWrap.call(qword[rNativeContext + offsetof(NativeContext, luaV_doarithidiv)]);
+            break;
+        case TM_MOD:
+            callWrap.call(qword[rNativeContext + offsetof(NativeContext, luaV_doarithmod)]);
+            break;
+        case TM_POW:
+            callWrap.call(qword[rNativeContext + offsetof(NativeContext, luaV_doarithpow)]);
+            break;
+        case TM_UNM:
+            callWrap.call(qword[rNativeContext + offsetof(NativeContext, luaV_doarithunm)]);
+            break;
+        default:
+            CODEGEN_ASSERT(!"Invalid doarith helper operation tag");
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        callWrap.addArgument(SizeX64::dword, tm);
+        callWrap.call(qword[rNativeContext + offsetof(NativeContext, luaV_doarith)]);
+    }
 
     emitUpdateBase(build);
 }
diff --git a/CodeGen/src/IrLoweringA64.cpp b/CodeGen/src/IrLoweringA64.cpp
index f35a15fab..c8cc07f4f 100644
--- a/CodeGen/src/IrLoweringA64.cpp
+++ b/CodeGen/src/IrLoweringA64.cpp
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 #include "lgc.h"
 
 LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauCodegenRemoveDeadStores5)
+LUAU_FASTFLAG(LuauCodegenSplitDoarith)
 
 namespace Luau
 {
@@ -1242,9 +1243,47 @@ void IrLoweringA64::lowerInst(IrInst& inst, uint32_t index, const IrBlock& next)
         else
             build.add(x3, rBase, uint16_t(vmRegOp(inst.c) * sizeof(TValue)));
 
-        build.mov(w4, TMS(intOp(inst.d)));
-        build.ldr(x5, mem(rNativeContext, offsetof(NativeContext, luaV_doarith)));
-        build.blr(x5);
+        if (FFlag::LuauCodegenSplitDoarith)
+        {
+            switch (TMS(intOp(inst.d)))
+            {
+            case TM_ADD:
+                build.ldr(x4, mem(rNativeContext, offsetof(NativeContext, luaV_doarithadd)));
+                break;
+            case TM_SUB:
+                build.ldr(x4, mem(rNativeContext, offsetof(NativeContext, luaV_doarithsub)));
+                break;
+            case TM_MUL:
+                build.ldr(x4, mem(rNativeContext, offsetof(NativeContext, luaV_doarithmul)));
+                break;
+            case TM_DIV:
+                build.ldr(x4, mem(rNativeContext, offsetof(NativeContext, luaV_doarithdiv)));
+                break;
+            case TM_IDIV:
+                build.ldr(x4, mem(rNativeContext, offsetof(NativeContext, luaV_doarithidiv)));
+                break;
+            case TM_MOD:
+                build.ldr(x4, mem(rNativeContext, offsetof(NativeContext, luaV_doarithmod)));
+                break;
+            case TM_POW:
+                build.ldr(x4, mem(rNativeContext, offsetof(NativeContext, luaV_doarithpow)));
+                break;
+            case TM_UNM:
+                build.ldr(x4, mem(rNativeContext, offsetof(NativeContext, luaV_doarithunm)));
+                break;
+            default:
+                CODEGEN_ASSERT(!"Invalid doarith helper operation tag");
+                break;
+            }
+
+            build.blr(x4);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            build.mov(w4, TMS(intOp(inst.d)));
+            build.ldr(x5, mem(rNativeContext, offsetof(NativeContext, luaV_doarith)));
+            build.blr(x5);
+        }
 
         emitUpdateBase(build);
         break;
diff --git a/CodeGen/src/NativeState.cpp b/CodeGen/src/NativeState.cpp
index 5f6df4b6a..b3d07491a 100644
--- a/CodeGen/src/NativeState.cpp
+++ b/CodeGen/src/NativeState.cpp
@@ -43,6 +43,16 @@ void initFunctions(NativeState& data)
     data.context.luaV_lessequal = luaV_lessequal;
     data.context.luaV_equalval = luaV_equalval;
     data.context.luaV_doarith = luaV_doarith;
+
+    data.context.luaV_doarithadd = luaV_doarithimpl<TM_ADD>;
+    data.context.luaV_doarithsub = luaV_doarithimpl<TM_SUB>;
+    data.context.luaV_doarithmul = luaV_doarithimpl<TM_MUL>;
+    data.context.luaV_doarithdiv = luaV_doarithimpl<TM_DIV>;
+    data.context.luaV_doarithidiv = luaV_doarithimpl<TM_IDIV>;
+    data.context.luaV_doarithmod = luaV_doarithimpl<TM_MOD>;
+    data.context.luaV_doarithpow = luaV_doarithimpl<TM_POW>;
+    data.context.luaV_doarithunm = luaV_doarithimpl<TM_UNM>;
+
     data.context.luaV_dolen = luaV_dolen;
     data.context.luaV_gettable = luaV_gettable;
     data.context.luaV_settable = luaV_settable;
@@ -121,6 +131,16 @@ void initFunctions(NativeContext& context)
     context.luaV_lessequal = luaV_lessequal;
     context.luaV_equalval = luaV_equalval;
     context.luaV_doarith = luaV_doarith;
+
+    context.luaV_doarithadd = luaV_doarithimpl<TM_ADD>;
+    context.luaV_doarithsub = luaV_doarithimpl<TM_SUB>;
+    context.luaV_doarithmul = luaV_doarithimpl<TM_MUL>;
+    context.luaV_doarithdiv = luaV_doarithimpl<TM_DIV>;
+    context.luaV_doarithidiv = luaV_doarithimpl<TM_IDIV>;
+    context.luaV_doarithmod = luaV_doarithimpl<TM_MOD>;
+    context.luaV_doarithpow = luaV_doarithimpl<TM_POW>;
+    context.luaV_doarithunm = luaV_doarithimpl<TM_UNM>;
+
     context.luaV_dolen = luaV_dolen;
     context.luaV_gettable = luaV_gettable;
     context.luaV_settable = luaV_settable;
diff --git a/CodeGen/src/NativeState.h b/CodeGen/src/NativeState.h
index 3e7c85e93..2edfc2701 100644
--- a/CodeGen/src/NativeState.h
+++ b/CodeGen/src/NativeState.h
@@ -34,6 +34,14 @@ struct NativeContext
     int (*luaV_lessequal)(lua_State* L, const TValue* l, const TValue* r) = nullptr;
     int (*luaV_equalval)(lua_State* L, const TValue* t1, const TValue* t2) = nullptr;
     void (*luaV_doarith)(lua_State* L, StkId ra, const TValue* rb, const TValue* rc, TMS op) = nullptr;
+    void (*luaV_doarithadd)(lua_State* L, StkId ra, const TValue* rb, const TValue* rc) = nullptr;
+    void (*luaV_doarithsub)(lua_State* L, StkId ra, const TValue* rb, const TValue* rc) = nullptr;
+    void (*luaV_doarithmul)(lua_State* L, StkId ra, const TValue* rb, const TValue* rc) = nullptr;
+    void (*luaV_doarithdiv)(lua_State* L, StkId ra, const TValue* rb, const TValue* rc) = nullptr;
+    void (*luaV_doarithidiv)(lua_State* L, StkId ra, const TValue* rb, const TValue* rc) = nullptr;
+    void (*luaV_doarithmod)(lua_State* L, StkId ra, const TValue* rb, const TValue* rc) = nullptr;
+    void (*luaV_doarithpow)(lua_State* L, StkId ra, const TValue* rb, const TValue* rc) = nullptr;
+    void (*luaV_doarithunm)(lua_State* L, StkId ra, const TValue* rb, const TValue* rc) = nullptr;
     void (*luaV_dolen)(lua_State* L, StkId ra, const TValue* rb) = nullptr;
     void (*luaV_gettable)(lua_State* L, const TValue* t, TValue* key, StkId val) = nullptr;
     void (*luaV_settable)(lua_State* L, const TValue* t, TValue* key, StkId val) = nullptr;
diff --git a/CodeGen/src/UnwindBuilderDwarf2.cpp b/CodeGen/src/UnwindBuilderDwarf2.cpp
index b1522e7bd..2f090b52a 100644
--- a/CodeGen/src/UnwindBuilderDwarf2.cpp
+++ b/CodeGen/src/UnwindBuilderDwarf2.cpp
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ void UnwindBuilderDwarf2::finishInfo()
     // Terminate section
     pos = writeu32(pos, 0);
 
-    CODEGEN_ASSERT(getSize() <= kRawDataLimit);
+    CODEGEN_ASSERT(getUnwindInfoSize() <= kRawDataLimit);
 }
 
 void UnwindBuilderDwarf2::prologueA64(uint32_t prologueSize, uint32_t stackSize, std::initializer_list<A64::RegisterA64> regs)
@@ -271,19 +271,14 @@ void UnwindBuilderDwarf2::prologueX64(uint32_t prologueSize, uint32_t stackSize,
     CODEGEN_ASSERT(prologueOffset == prologueSize);
 }
 
-size_t UnwindBuilderDwarf2::getSize() const
+size_t UnwindBuilderDwarf2::getUnwindInfoSize(size_t blockSize) const
 {
     return size_t(pos - rawData);
 }
 
-size_t UnwindBuilderDwarf2::getFunctionCount() const
+size_t UnwindBuilderDwarf2::finalize(char* target, size_t offset, void* funcAddress, size_t blockSize) const
 {
-    return unwindFunctions.size();
-}
-
-void UnwindBuilderDwarf2::finalize(char* target, size_t offset, void* funcAddress, size_t funcSize) const
-{
-    memcpy(target, rawData, getSize());
+    memcpy(target, rawData, getUnwindInfoSize());
 
     for (const UnwindFunctionDwarf2& func : unwindFunctions)
     {
@@ -291,11 +286,13 @@ void UnwindBuilderDwarf2::finalize(char* target, size_t offset, void* funcAddres
 
         writeu64(fdeEntry + kFdeInitialLocationOffset, uintptr_t(funcAddress) + offset + func.beginOffset);
 
-        if (func.endOffset == kFullBlockFuncton)
-            writeu64(fdeEntry + kFdeAddressRangeOffset, funcSize - offset);
+        if (func.endOffset == kFullBlockFunction)
+            writeu64(fdeEntry + kFdeAddressRangeOffset, blockSize - offset);
         else
             writeu64(fdeEntry + kFdeAddressRangeOffset, func.endOffset - func.beginOffset);
     }
+
+    return unwindFunctions.size();
 }
 
 } // namespace CodeGen
diff --git a/CodeGen/src/UnwindBuilderWin.cpp b/CodeGen/src/UnwindBuilderWin.cpp
index 498470bda..2bcc03217 100644
--- a/CodeGen/src/UnwindBuilderWin.cpp
+++ b/CodeGen/src/UnwindBuilderWin.cpp
@@ -194,17 +194,12 @@ void UnwindBuilderWin::prologueX64(uint32_t prologueSize, uint32_t stackSize, bo
     this->prologSize = prologueSize;
 }
 
-size_t UnwindBuilderWin::getSize() const
+size_t UnwindBuilderWin::getUnwindInfoSize(size_t blockSize) const
 {
     return sizeof(UnwindFunctionWin) * unwindFunctions.size() + size_t(rawDataPos - rawData);
 }
 
-size_t UnwindBuilderWin::getFunctionCount() const
-{
-    return unwindFunctions.size();
-}
-
-void UnwindBuilderWin::finalize(char* target, size_t offset, void* funcAddress, size_t funcSize) const
+size_t UnwindBuilderWin::finalize(char* target, size_t offset, void* funcAddress, size_t blockSize) const
 {
     // Copy adjusted function information
     for (UnwindFunctionWin func : unwindFunctions)
@@ -213,8 +208,8 @@ void UnwindBuilderWin::finalize(char* target, size_t offset, void* funcAddress,
         func.beginOffset += uint32_t(offset);
 
         // Whole block is a part of a 'single function'
-        if (func.endOffset == kFullBlockFuncton)
-            func.endOffset = uint32_t(funcSize);
+        if (func.endOffset == kFullBlockFunction)
+            func.endOffset = uint32_t(blockSize);
         else
             func.endOffset += uint32_t(offset);
 
@@ -226,6 +221,8 @@ void UnwindBuilderWin::finalize(char* target, size_t offset, void* funcAddress,
 
     // Copy unwind codes
     memcpy(target, rawData, size_t(rawDataPos - rawData));
+
+    return unwindFunctions.size();
 }
 
 } // namespace CodeGen
diff --git a/VM/src/lvm.h b/VM/src/lvm.h
index 5ec7bc165..96bc37f3f 100644
--- a/VM/src/lvm.h
+++ b/VM/src/lvm.h
@@ -16,6 +16,10 @@ LUAI_FUNC int luaV_lessthan(lua_State* L, const TValue* l, const TValue* r);
 LUAI_FUNC int luaV_lessequal(lua_State* L, const TValue* l, const TValue* r);
 LUAI_FUNC int luaV_equalval(lua_State* L, const TValue* t1, const TValue* t2);
 LUAI_FUNC void luaV_doarith(lua_State* L, StkId ra, const TValue* rb, const TValue* rc, TMS op);
+
+template<TMS op>
+void luaV_doarithimpl(lua_State* L, StkId ra, const TValue* rb, const TValue* rc);
+
 LUAI_FUNC void luaV_dolen(lua_State* L, StkId ra, const TValue* rb);
 LUAI_FUNC const TValue* luaV_tonumber(const TValue* obj, TValue* n);
 LUAI_FUNC const float* luaV_tovector(const TValue* obj);
diff --git a/VM/src/lvmexecute.cpp b/VM/src/lvmexecute.cpp
index 74e30c941..4ac21db35 100644
--- a/VM/src/lvmexecute.cpp
+++ b/VM/src/lvmexecute.cpp
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 
 #include <string.h>
 
+LUAU_FASTFLAGVARIABLE(LuauVmSplitDoarith, false)
+
 // Disable c99-designator to avoid the warning in CGOTO dispatch table
 #ifdef __clang__
 #if __has_warning("-Wc99-designator")
@@ -1487,7 +1489,14 @@ static void luau_execute(lua_State* L)
                     else
                     {
                         // slow-path, may invoke C/Lua via metamethods
-                        VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarith(L, ra, rb, rc, TM_ADD));
+                        if (FFlag::LuauVmSplitDoarith)
+                        {
+                            VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarithimpl<TM_ADD>(L, ra, rb, rc));
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarith(L, ra, rb, rc, TM_ADD));
+                        }
                         VM_NEXT();
                     }
                 }
@@ -1533,7 +1542,14 @@ static void luau_execute(lua_State* L)
                     else
                     {
                         // slow-path, may invoke C/Lua via metamethods
-                        VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarith(L, ra, rb, rc, TM_SUB));
+                        if (FFlag::LuauVmSplitDoarith)
+                        {
+                            VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarithimpl<TM_SUB>(L, ra, rb, rc));
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarith(L, ra, rb, rc, TM_SUB));
+                        }
                         VM_NEXT();
                     }
                 }
@@ -1594,7 +1610,14 @@ static void luau_execute(lua_State* L)
                     else
                     {
                         // slow-path, may invoke C/Lua via metamethods
-                        VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarith(L, ra, rb, rc, TM_MUL));
+                        if (FFlag::LuauVmSplitDoarith)
+                        {
+                            VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarithimpl<TM_MUL>(L, ra, rb, rc));
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarith(L, ra, rb, rc, TM_MUL));
+                        }
                         VM_NEXT();
                     }
                 }
@@ -1655,7 +1678,14 @@ static void luau_execute(lua_State* L)
                     else
                     {
                         // slow-path, may invoke C/Lua via metamethods
-                        VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarith(L, ra, rb, rc, TM_DIV));
+                        if (FFlag::LuauVmSplitDoarith)
+                        {
+                            VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarithimpl<TM_DIV>(L, ra, rb, rc));
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarith(L, ra, rb, rc, TM_DIV));
+                        }
                         VM_NEXT();
                     }
                 }
@@ -1703,7 +1733,14 @@ static void luau_execute(lua_State* L)
                     else
                     {
                         // slow-path, may invoke C/Lua via metamethods
-                        VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarith(L, ra, rb, rc, TM_IDIV));
+                        if (FFlag::LuauVmSplitDoarith)
+                        {
+                            VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarithimpl<TM_IDIV>(L, ra, rb, rc));
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarith(L, ra, rb, rc, TM_IDIV));
+                        }
                         VM_NEXT();
                     }
                 }
@@ -1727,7 +1764,14 @@ static void luau_execute(lua_State* L)
                 else
                 {
                     // slow-path, may invoke C/Lua via metamethods
-                    VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarith(L, ra, rb, rc, TM_MOD));
+                    if (FFlag::LuauVmSplitDoarith)
+                    {
+                        VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarithimpl<TM_MOD>(L, ra, rb, rc));
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarith(L, ra, rb, rc, TM_MOD));
+                    }
                     VM_NEXT();
                 }
             }
@@ -1748,7 +1792,14 @@ static void luau_execute(lua_State* L)
                 else
                 {
                     // slow-path, may invoke C/Lua via metamethods
-                    VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarith(L, ra, rb, rc, TM_POW));
+                    if (FFlag::LuauVmSplitDoarith)
+                    {
+                        VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarithimpl<TM_POW>(L, ra, rb, rc));
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarith(L, ra, rb, rc, TM_POW));
+                    }
                     VM_NEXT();
                 }
             }
@@ -1769,7 +1820,14 @@ static void luau_execute(lua_State* L)
                 else
                 {
                     // slow-path, may invoke C/Lua via metamethods
-                    VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarith(L, ra, rb, kv, TM_ADD));
+                    if (FFlag::LuauVmSplitDoarith)
+                    {
+                        VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarithimpl<TM_ADD>(L, ra, rb, kv));
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarith(L, ra, rb, kv, TM_ADD));
+                    }
                     VM_NEXT();
                 }
             }
@@ -1790,7 +1848,14 @@ static void luau_execute(lua_State* L)
                 else
                 {
                     // slow-path, may invoke C/Lua via metamethods
-                    VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarith(L, ra, rb, kv, TM_SUB));
+                    if (FFlag::LuauVmSplitDoarith)
+                    {
+                        VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarithimpl<TM_SUB>(L, ra, rb, kv));
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarith(L, ra, rb, kv, TM_SUB));
+                    }
                     VM_NEXT();
                 }
             }
@@ -1835,7 +1900,14 @@ static void luau_execute(lua_State* L)
                     else
                     {
                         // slow-path, may invoke C/Lua via metamethods
-                        VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarith(L, ra, rb, kv, TM_MUL));
+                        if (FFlag::LuauVmSplitDoarith)
+                        {
+                            VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarithimpl<TM_MUL>(L, ra, rb, kv));
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarith(L, ra, rb, kv, TM_MUL));
+                        }
                         VM_NEXT();
                     }
                 }
@@ -1881,7 +1953,14 @@ static void luau_execute(lua_State* L)
                     else
                     {
                         // slow-path, may invoke C/Lua via metamethods
-                        VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarith(L, ra, rb, kv, TM_DIV));
+                        if (FFlag::LuauVmSplitDoarith)
+                        {
+                            VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarithimpl<TM_DIV>(L, ra, rb, kv));
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarith(L, ra, rb, kv, TM_DIV));
+                        }
                         VM_NEXT();
                     }
                 }
@@ -1928,7 +2007,14 @@ static void luau_execute(lua_State* L)
                     else
                     {
                         // slow-path, may invoke C/Lua via metamethods
-                        VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarith(L, ra, rb, kv, TM_IDIV));
+                        if (FFlag::LuauVmSplitDoarith)
+                        {
+                            VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarithimpl<TM_IDIV>(L, ra, rb, kv));
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarith(L, ra, rb, kv, TM_IDIV));
+                        }
                         VM_NEXT();
                     }
                 }
@@ -1952,7 +2038,14 @@ static void luau_execute(lua_State* L)
                 else
                 {
                     // slow-path, may invoke C/Lua via metamethods
-                    VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarith(L, ra, rb, kv, TM_MOD));
+                    if (FFlag::LuauVmSplitDoarith)
+                    {
+                        VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarithimpl<TM_MOD>(L, ra, rb, kv));
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarith(L, ra, rb, kv, TM_MOD));
+                    }
                     VM_NEXT();
                 }
             }
@@ -1979,7 +2072,14 @@ static void luau_execute(lua_State* L)
                 else
                 {
                     // slow-path, may invoke C/Lua via metamethods
-                    VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarith(L, ra, rb, kv, TM_POW));
+                    if (FFlag::LuauVmSplitDoarith)
+                    {
+                        VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarithimpl<TM_POW>(L, ra, rb, kv));
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarith(L, ra, rb, kv, TM_POW));
+                    }
                     VM_NEXT();
                 }
             }
@@ -2092,7 +2192,14 @@ static void luau_execute(lua_State* L)
                     else
                     {
                         // slow-path, may invoke C/Lua via metamethods
-                        VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarith(L, ra, rb, rb, TM_UNM));
+                        if (FFlag::LuauVmSplitDoarith)
+                        {
+                            VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarithimpl<TM_UNM>(L, ra, rb, rb));
+                        }
+                        else
+                        {
+                            VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarith(L, ra, rb, rb, TM_UNM));
+                        }
                         VM_NEXT();
                     }
                 }
@@ -2711,7 +2818,14 @@ static void luau_execute(lua_State* L)
                 else
                 {
                     // slow-path, may invoke C/Lua via metamethods
-                    VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarith(L, ra, kv, rc, TM_SUB));
+                    if (FFlag::LuauVmSplitDoarith)
+                    {
+                        VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarithimpl<TM_SUB>(L, ra, kv, rc));
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarith(L, ra, kv, rc, TM_SUB));
+                    }
                     VM_NEXT();
                 }
             }
@@ -2739,7 +2853,14 @@ static void luau_execute(lua_State* L)
                 else
                 {
                     // slow-path, may invoke C/Lua via metamethods
-                    VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarith(L, ra, kv, rc, TM_DIV));
+                    if (FFlag::LuauVmSplitDoarith)
+                    {
+                        VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarithimpl<TM_DIV>(L, ra, kv, rc));
+                    }
+                    else
+                    {
+                        VM_PROTECT(luaV_doarith(L, ra, kv, rc, TM_DIV));
+                    }
                     VM_NEXT();
                 }
             }
diff --git a/VM/src/lvmutils.cpp b/VM/src/lvmutils.cpp
index 4db8bba77..6ee542b08 100644
--- a/VM/src/lvmutils.cpp
+++ b/VM/src/lvmutils.cpp
@@ -373,6 +373,152 @@ void luaV_concat(lua_State* L, int total, int last)
     } while (total > 1); // repeat until only 1 result left
 }
 
+template<TMS op>
+void luaV_doarithimpl(lua_State* L, StkId ra, const TValue* rb, const TValue* rc)
+{
+    TValue tempb, tempc;
+    const TValue *b, *c;
+
+    // vector operations that we support:
+    // v+v  v-v  -v    (add/sub/neg)
+    // v*v  s*v  v*s   (mul)
+    // v/v  s/v  v/s   (div)
+    // v//v s//v v//s  (floor div)
+    const float* vb = ttisvector(rb) ? vvalue(rb) : nullptr;
+    const float* vc = ttisvector(rc) ? vvalue(rc) : nullptr;
+
+    if (vb && vc)
+    {
+        switch (op)
+        {
+        case TM_ADD:
+            setvvalue(ra, vb[0] + vc[0], vb[1] + vc[1], vb[2] + vc[2], vb[3] + vc[3]);
+            return;
+        case TM_SUB:
+            setvvalue(ra, vb[0] - vc[0], vb[1] - vc[1], vb[2] - vc[2], vb[3] - vc[3]);
+            return;
+        case TM_MUL:
+            setvvalue(ra, vb[0] * vc[0], vb[1] * vc[1], vb[2] * vc[2], vb[3] * vc[3]);
+            return;
+        case TM_DIV:
+            setvvalue(ra, vb[0] / vc[0], vb[1] / vc[1], vb[2] / vc[2], vb[3] / vc[3]);
+            return;
+        case TM_IDIV:
+            setvvalue(ra, float(luai_numidiv(vb[0], vc[0])), float(luai_numidiv(vb[1], vc[1])), float(luai_numidiv(vb[2], vc[2])),
+                float(luai_numidiv(vb[3], vc[3])));
+            return;
+        case TM_UNM:
+            setvvalue(ra, -vb[0], -vb[1], -vb[2], -vb[3]);
+            return;
+        default:
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    else if (vb)
+    {
+        c = ttisnumber(rc) ? rc : luaV_tonumber(rc, &tempc);
+
+        if (c)
+        {
+            float nc = cast_to(float, nvalue(c));
+
+            switch (op)
+            {
+            case TM_MUL:
+                setvvalue(ra, vb[0] * nc, vb[1] * nc, vb[2] * nc, vb[3] * nc);
+                return;
+            case TM_DIV:
+                setvvalue(ra, vb[0] / nc, vb[1] / nc, vb[2] / nc, vb[3] / nc);
+                return;
+            case TM_IDIV:
+                setvvalue(ra, float(luai_numidiv(vb[0], nc)), float(luai_numidiv(vb[1], nc)), float(luai_numidiv(vb[2], nc)),
+                    float(luai_numidiv(vb[3], nc)));
+                return;
+            default:
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    else if (vc)
+    {
+        b = ttisnumber(rb) ? rb : luaV_tonumber(rb, &tempb);
+
+        if (b)
+        {
+            float nb = cast_to(float, nvalue(b));
+
+            switch (op)
+            {
+            case TM_MUL:
+                setvvalue(ra, nb * vc[0], nb * vc[1], nb * vc[2], nb * vc[3]);
+                return;
+            case TM_DIV:
+                setvvalue(ra, nb / vc[0], nb / vc[1], nb / vc[2], nb / vc[3]);
+                return;
+            case TM_IDIV:
+                setvvalue(ra, float(luai_numidiv(nb, vc[0])), float(luai_numidiv(nb, vc[1])), float(luai_numidiv(nb, vc[2])),
+                    float(luai_numidiv(nb, vc[3])));
+                return;
+            default:
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if ((b = luaV_tonumber(rb, &tempb)) != NULL && (c = luaV_tonumber(rc, &tempc)) != NULL)
+    {
+        double nb = nvalue(b), nc = nvalue(c);
+
+        switch (op)
+        {
+        case TM_ADD:
+            setnvalue(ra, luai_numadd(nb, nc));
+            break;
+        case TM_SUB:
+            setnvalue(ra, luai_numsub(nb, nc));
+            break;
+        case TM_MUL:
+            setnvalue(ra, luai_nummul(nb, nc));
+            break;
+        case TM_DIV:
+            setnvalue(ra, luai_numdiv(nb, nc));
+            break;
+        case TM_IDIV:
+            setnvalue(ra, luai_numidiv(nb, nc));
+            break;
+        case TM_MOD:
+            setnvalue(ra, luai_nummod(nb, nc));
+            break;
+        case TM_POW:
+            setnvalue(ra, luai_numpow(nb, nc));
+            break;
+        case TM_UNM:
+            setnvalue(ra, luai_numunm(nb));
+            break;
+        default:
+            LUAU_ASSERT(0);
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        if (!call_binTM(L, rb, rc, ra, op))
+        {
+            luaG_aritherror(L, rb, rc, op);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// instantiate private template implementation for external callers
+template void luaV_doarithimpl<TM_ADD>(lua_State* L, StkId ra, const TValue* rb, const TValue* rc);
+template void luaV_doarithimpl<TM_SUB>(lua_State* L, StkId ra, const TValue* rb, const TValue* rc);
+template void luaV_doarithimpl<TM_MUL>(lua_State* L, StkId ra, const TValue* rb, const TValue* rc);
+template void luaV_doarithimpl<TM_DIV>(lua_State* L, StkId ra, const TValue* rb, const TValue* rc);
+template void luaV_doarithimpl<TM_IDIV>(lua_State* L, StkId ra, const TValue* rb, const TValue* rc);
+template void luaV_doarithimpl<TM_MOD>(lua_State* L, StkId ra, const TValue* rb, const TValue* rc);
+template void luaV_doarithimpl<TM_POW>(lua_State* L, StkId ra, const TValue* rb, const TValue* rc);
+template void luaV_doarithimpl<TM_UNM>(lua_State* L, StkId ra, const TValue* rb, const TValue* rc);
+
 void luaV_doarith(lua_State* L, StkId ra, const TValue* rb, const TValue* rc, TMS op)
 {
     TValue tempb, tempc;
diff --git a/tests/CodeAllocator.test.cpp b/tests/CodeAllocator.test.cpp
index 2ac0e5fdc..21228d6be 100644
--- a/tests/CodeAllocator.test.cpp
+++ b/tests/CodeAllocator.test.cpp
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ TEST_CASE("WindowsUnwindCodesX64")
     unwind.finishInfo();
 
     std::vector<char> data;
-    data.resize(unwind.getSize());
+    data.resize(unwind.getUnwindInfoSize());
     unwind.finalize(data.data(), 0, nullptr, 0);
 
     std::vector<uint8_t> expected{0x44, 0x33, 0x22, 0x11, 0x22, 0x33, 0x44, 0x55, 0x0c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x17, 0x0a, 0x05, 0x17, 0x82, 0x13,
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ TEST_CASE("Dwarf2UnwindCodesX64")
     unwind.finishInfo();
 
     std::vector<char> data;
-    data.resize(unwind.getSize());
+    data.resize(unwind.getUnwindInfoSize());
     unwind.finalize(data.data(), 0, nullptr, 0);
 
     std::vector<uint8_t> expected{0x14, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x01, 0x78, 0x10, 0x0c, 0x07, 0x08, 0x90, 0x01, 0x00,
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ TEST_CASE("Dwarf2UnwindCodesA64")
     unwind.finishInfo();
 
     std::vector<char> data;
-    data.resize(unwind.getSize());
+    data.resize(unwind.getUnwindInfoSize());
     unwind.finalize(data.data(), 0, nullptr, 0);
 
     std::vector<uint8_t> expected{0x0c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x01, 0x78, 0x1e, 0x0c, 0x1f, 0x00, 0x2c, 0x00, 0x00,
diff --git a/tests/Error.test.cpp b/tests/Error.test.cpp
index 677e32172..8dfcbde0a 100644
--- a/tests/Error.test.cpp
+++ b/tests/Error.test.cpp
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@
 
 using namespace Luau;
 
+LUAU_FASTFLAG(DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
+
 TEST_SUITE_BEGIN("ErrorTests");
 
 TEST_CASE("TypeError_code_should_return_nonzero_code")
@@ -34,4 +36,44 @@ local x: Account = 5
     CHECK_EQ("Type 'number' could not be converted into 'Account'", toString(result.errors[0]));
 }
 
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(BuiltinsFixture, "binary_op_type_family_errors")
+{
+    frontend.options.retainFullTypeGraphs = false;
+
+    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+        --!strict
+        local x = 1 + "foo"
+    )");
+
+    LUAU_REQUIRE_ERROR_COUNT(1, result);
+
+    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
+        CHECK_EQ("Operator '+' could not be applied to operands of types number and string; there is no corresponding overload for __add", toString(result.errors[0]));
+    else
+        CHECK_EQ("Type 'string' could not be converted into 'number'", toString(result.errors[0]));
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(BuiltinsFixture, "unary_op_type_family_errors")
+{
+    frontend.options.retainFullTypeGraphs = false;
+
+    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+        --!strict
+        local x = -"foo"
+    )");
+
+
+    if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
+    {
+        LUAU_REQUIRE_ERROR_COUNT(2, result);
+        CHECK_EQ("Operator '-' could not be applied to operand of type string; there is no corresponding overload for __unm", toString(result.errors[0]));
+        CHECK_EQ("Type 'string' could not be converted into 'number'", toString(result.errors[1]));
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        LUAU_REQUIRE_ERROR_COUNT(1, result);
+        CHECK_EQ("Type 'string' could not be converted into 'number'", toString(result.errors[0]));
+    }
+}
+
 TEST_SUITE_END();
diff --git a/tests/Simplify.test.cpp b/tests/Simplify.test.cpp
index ddddbe677..b938b5f84 100644
--- a/tests/Simplify.test.cpp
+++ b/tests/Simplify.test.cpp
@@ -214,6 +214,14 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(SimplifyFixture, "any_and_indeterminate_types")
     CHECK(errorTy == anyLhsPending->options[1]);
 }
 
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(SimplifyFixture, "union_where_lhs_elements_are_a_subset_of_the_rhs")
+{
+    TypeId lhs = union_(numberTy, stringTy);
+    TypeId rhs = union_(stringTy, numberTy);
+
+    CHECK("number | string" == toString(union_(lhs, rhs)));
+}
+
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(SimplifyFixture, "unknown_and_indeterminate_types")
 {
     CHECK(freeTy == intersect(unknownTy, freeTy));
diff --git a/tests/TypeFamily.test.cpp b/tests/TypeFamily.test.cpp
index 143850545..88dfbf473 100644
--- a/tests/TypeFamily.test.cpp
+++ b/tests/TypeFamily.test.cpp
@@ -391,8 +391,8 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(BuiltinsFixture, "keyof_type_family_errors_if_it_has_nontable_
 
     // FIXME(CLI-95289): we should actually only report the type family being uninhabited error at its first use, I think?
     LUAU_REQUIRE_ERROR_COUNT(2, result);
-    CHECK(toString(result.errors[0]) == "Type family instance keyof<MyObject | boolean> is uninhabited");
-    CHECK(toString(result.errors[1]) == "Type family instance keyof<MyObject | boolean> is uninhabited");
+    CHECK(toString(result.errors[0]) == "Type 'MyObject | boolean' does not have keys, so 'keyof<MyObject | boolean>' is invalid");
+    CHECK(toString(result.errors[1]) == "Type 'MyObject | boolean' does not have keys, so 'keyof<MyObject | boolean>' is invalid");
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(BuiltinsFixture, "keyof_type_family_string_indexer")
@@ -517,8 +517,8 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(BuiltinsFixture, "rawkeyof_type_family_errors_if_it_has_nontab
 
     // FIXME(CLI-95289): we should actually only report the type family being uninhabited error at its first use, I think?
     LUAU_REQUIRE_ERROR_COUNT(2, result);
-    CHECK(toString(result.errors[0]) == "Type family instance rawkeyof<MyObject | boolean> is uninhabited");
-    CHECK(toString(result.errors[1]) == "Type family instance rawkeyof<MyObject | boolean> is uninhabited");
+    CHECK(toString(result.errors[0]) == "Type 'MyObject | boolean' does not have keys, so 'rawkeyof<MyObject | boolean>' is invalid");
+    CHECK(toString(result.errors[1]) == "Type 'MyObject | boolean' does not have keys, so 'rawkeyof<MyObject | boolean>' is invalid");
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(BuiltinsFixture, "rawkeyof_type_family_common_subset_if_union_of_differing_tables")
@@ -590,8 +590,8 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(ClassFixture, "keyof_type_family_errors_if_it_has_nonclass_par
 
     // FIXME(CLI-95289): we should actually only report the type family being uninhabited error at its first use, I think?
     LUAU_REQUIRE_ERROR_COUNT(2, result);
-    CHECK(toString(result.errors[0]) == "Type family instance keyof<BaseClass | boolean> is uninhabited");
-    CHECK(toString(result.errors[1]) == "Type family instance keyof<BaseClass | boolean> is uninhabited");
+    CHECK(toString(result.errors[0]) == "Type 'BaseClass | boolean' does not have keys, so 'keyof<BaseClass | boolean>' is invalid");
+    CHECK(toString(result.errors[1]) == "Type 'BaseClass | boolean' does not have keys, so 'keyof<BaseClass | boolean>' is invalid");
 }
 
 TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(ClassFixture, "keyof_type_family_common_subset_if_union_of_differing_classes")
diff --git a/tests/TypeInfer.functions.test.cpp b/tests/TypeInfer.functions.test.cpp
index e424ddca6..34178fd9a 100644
--- a/tests/TypeInfer.functions.test.cpp
+++ b/tests/TypeInfer.functions.test.cpp
@@ -2298,10 +2298,10 @@ end
     if (FFlag::DebugLuauDeferredConstraintResolution)
     {
         LUAU_REQUIRE_ERROR_COUNT(4, result);
-        CHECK(toString(result.errors[0]) == "Type family instance sub<unknown, number> is uninhabited");
-        CHECK(toString(result.errors[1]) == "Type family instance sub<unknown, number> is uninhabited");
-        CHECK(toString(result.errors[2]) == "Type family instance sub<unknown, number> is uninhabited");
-        CHECK(toString(result.errors[3]) == "Type family instance sub<unknown, number> is uninhabited");
+        CHECK(toString(result.errors[0]) == "Operator '-' could not be applied to operands of types unknown and number; there is no corresponding overload for __sub");
+        CHECK(toString(result.errors[1]) == "Operator '-' could not be applied to operands of types unknown and number; there is no corresponding overload for __sub");
+        CHECK(toString(result.errors[2]) == "Operator '-' could not be applied to operands of types unknown and number; there is no corresponding overload for __sub");
+        CHECK(toString(result.errors[3]) == "Operator '-' could not be applied to operands of types unknown and number; there is no corresponding overload for __sub");
     }
     else
     {
diff --git a/tests/TypeInfer.tables.test.cpp b/tests/TypeInfer.tables.test.cpp
index d828ff659..bd0a41442 100644
--- a/tests/TypeInfer.tables.test.cpp
+++ b/tests/TypeInfer.tables.test.cpp
@@ -4479,4 +4479,31 @@ TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(BuiltinsFixture, "index_results_compare_to_nil")
     LUAU_REQUIRE_NO_ERRORS(result);
 }
 
+TEST_CASE_FIXTURE(BuiltinsFixture, "fuzzer_normalization_preserves_tbl_scopes")
+{
+    CheckResult result = check(R"(
+Module 'l0':
+do end
+
+Module 'l1':
+local _ = {n0=nil,}
+if if nil then _ then
+if nil and (_)._ ~= (_)._ then
+do end
+while _ do
+_ = _
+do end
+end
+end
+do end
+end
+local l0
+while _ do
+_ = nil
+(_[_])._ %= `{# _}{bit32.extract(# _,1)}`
+end
+
+)");
+}
+
 TEST_SUITE_END();
diff --git a/tools/faillist.txt b/tools/faillist.txt
index 2450eeb12..6939df548 100644
--- a/tools/faillist.txt
+++ b/tools/faillist.txt
@@ -219,7 +219,6 @@ TableTests.setmetatable_has_a_side_effect
 TableTests.shared_selfs
 TableTests.shared_selfs_from_free_param
 TableTests.shared_selfs_through_metatables
-TableTests.should_not_unblock_table_type_twice
 TableTests.table_call_metamethod_basic
 TableTests.table_call_metamethod_must_be_callable
 TableTests.table_param_width_subtyping_2
@@ -288,7 +287,6 @@ TypeInfer.unify_nearly_identical_recursive_types
 TypeInferAnyError.can_subscript_any
 TypeInferAnyError.for_in_loop_iterator_is_error
 TypeInferAnyError.for_in_loop_iterator_is_error2
-TypeInferAnyError.metatable_of_any_can_be_a_table
 TypeInferAnyError.replace_every_free_type_when_unifying_a_complex_function_with_any
 TypeInferClasses.callable_classes
 TypeInferClasses.cannot_unify_class_instance_with_primitive