[Task]: Ensure the Go version used for container builds is the latest available.

[lostluck]

What needs to happen?

Go makes security patch releases of their tooling, so it's good to ensure we're up to date for each release.

This affects container bootloader security, WRT CVEs that are listed when the containers are scanned.

Issue Priority

Priority: 2 (default / most normal work should be filed as P2)

Issue Components

• Component: Python SDK
• Component: Java SDK
• Component: Go SDK
• Component: Typescript SDK
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[lostluck]

2.50 release manager here.
This issue is currently tagged for the 2.50.0 release, which cuts in a week on August 9th.

Please complete work and get it into the main branch in that time, or move this issue to the 2.51 Milestone: https://github.com/apache/beam/milestone/15

[lostluck]

There's a 1.20.7 release so, I need to make that change at least.

[lostluck]

https://go.dev/doc/go1.21 just got released!, so, we'll update to that then.

[lostluck]

Filed #27897 to track for 2.51.0