diff --git a/yarn-project/end-to-end/src/e2e_dapp_subscription.test.ts b/yarn-project/end-to-end/src/e2e_dapp_subscription.test.ts
index 0bd639aae32..915b3640c37 100644
--- a/yarn-project/end-to-end/src/e2e_dapp_subscription.test.ts
+++ b/yarn-project/end-to-end/src/e2e_dapp_subscription.test.ts
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import {
   FPCContract,
   GasTokenContract,
 } from '@aztec/noir-contracts.js';
+import { GasTokenAddress } from '@aztec/protocol-contracts/gas-token';
 
 import { jest } from '@jest/globals';
 
@@ -27,7 +28,6 @@ import {
   publicDeployAccounts,
   setup,
 } from './fixtures/utils.js';
-import { GasPortalTestingHarnessFactory, IGasBridgingTestHarness } from './shared/gas_portal_test_harness.js';
 
 jest.setTimeout(1_000_000);
 
@@ -48,13 +48,12 @@ describe('e2e_dapp_subscription', () => {
   let gasTokenContract: GasTokenContract;
   let bananaFPC: FPCContract;
   let e2eContext: EndToEndContext;
-  let gasBridgeTestHarness: IGasBridgingTestHarness;
   let gasBalances: BalancesFn;
   let bananasPublicBalances: BalancesFn;
   let bananasPrivateBalances: BalancesFn;
 
   const SUBSCRIPTION_AMOUNT = 100n;
-  const BRIDGED_GAS_BALANCE = 1000n;
+  const INITIAL_GAS_BALANCE = 1000n;
   const PUBLICLY_MINTED_BANANAS = 500n;
   const PRIVATELY_MINTED_BANANAS = 600n;
 
@@ -64,25 +63,18 @@ describe('e2e_dapp_subscription', () => {
 
   beforeAll(async () => {
     process.env.PXE_URL = '';
-    e2eContext = await setup(3);
+    e2eContext = await setup(3, { deployProtocolContracts: true });
+    await publicDeployAccounts(e2eContext.wallet, e2eContext.accounts);
+
+    const { wallets, accounts, aztecNode } = e2eContext;
 
-    const { wallets, accounts, aztecNode, deployL1ContractsValues, logger, pxe } = e2eContext;
+    // this should be a SignerlessWallet but that can't call public functions directly
+    gasTokenContract = await GasTokenContract.at(GasTokenAddress, wallets[0]);
 
     aliceAddress = accounts.at(0)!.address;
     bobAddress = accounts.at(1)!.address;
     sequencerAddress = accounts.at(2)!.address;
 
-    gasBridgeTestHarness = await GasPortalTestingHarnessFactory.create({
-      pxeService: pxe,
-      publicClient: deployL1ContractsValues.publicClient,
-      walletClient: deployL1ContractsValues.walletClient,
-      wallet: wallets[0],
-      logger,
-      mockL1: true,
-    });
-
-    gasTokenContract = gasBridgeTestHarness.l2Token;
-
     await aztecNode.setConfig({
       feeRecipient: sequencerAddress,
     });
@@ -113,8 +105,8 @@ describe('e2e_dapp_subscription', () => {
     // she'll pay for the subscription with these
     await bananaCoin.methods.privately_mint_private_note(PRIVATELY_MINTED_BANANAS).send().wait();
     await bananaCoin.methods.mint_public(aliceAddress, PUBLICLY_MINTED_BANANAS).send().wait();
-    await gasBridgeTestHarness.bridgeFromL1ToL2(BRIDGED_GAS_BALANCE, BRIDGED_GAS_BALANCE, subscriptionContract.address);
-    await gasBridgeTestHarness.bridgeFromL1ToL2(BRIDGED_GAS_BALANCE, BRIDGED_GAS_BALANCE, bananaFPC.address);
+    await gasTokenContract.methods.mint_public(subscriptionContract.address, INITIAL_GAS_BALANCE).send().wait();
+    await gasTokenContract.methods.mint_public(bananaFPC.address, INITIAL_GAS_BALANCE).send().wait();
 
     gasBalances = getBalancesFn('⛽', gasTokenContract.methods.balance_of_public, e2eContext.logger);
     bananasPublicBalances = getBalancesFn('Public 🍌', bananaCoin.methods.balance_of_public, e2eContext.logger);
@@ -123,10 +115,8 @@ describe('e2e_dapp_subscription', () => {
     await expectMapping(
       gasBalances,
       [aliceAddress, sequencerAddress, subscriptionContract.address, bananaFPC.address],
-      [0n, 0n, BRIDGED_GAS_BALANCE, BRIDGED_GAS_BALANCE],
+      [0n, 0n, INITIAL_GAS_BALANCE, INITIAL_GAS_BALANCE],
     );
-
-    await publicDeployAccounts(e2eContext.wallet, e2eContext.accounts);
   });
 
   it('should allow Alice to subscribe by paying privately with bananas', async () => {
@@ -160,7 +150,7 @@ describe('e2e_dapp_subscription', () => {
       gasBalances,
       // note the subscription contract hasn't paid any fees yet
       [bananaFPC.address, subscriptionContract.address, sequencerAddress],
-      [BRIDGED_GAS_BALANCE - FEE_AMOUNT, BRIDGED_GAS_BALANCE, FEE_AMOUNT],
+      [INITIAL_GAS_BALANCE - FEE_AMOUNT, INITIAL_GAS_BALANCE, FEE_AMOUNT],
     );
   });
 
@@ -201,7 +191,7 @@ describe('e2e_dapp_subscription', () => {
     await expectMapping(
       gasBalances,
       [subscriptionContract.address, bananaFPC.address, sequencerAddress],
-      [BRIDGED_GAS_BALANCE, BRIDGED_GAS_BALANCE - 2n * FEE_AMOUNT, 2n * FEE_AMOUNT],
+      [INITIAL_GAS_BALANCE, INITIAL_GAS_BALANCE - 2n * FEE_AMOUNT, 2n * FEE_AMOUNT],
     );
   });
 
@@ -219,7 +209,7 @@ describe('e2e_dapp_subscription', () => {
     await expectMapping(
       gasBalances,
       [subscriptionContract.address, bananaFPC.address, sequencerAddress],
-      [BRIDGED_GAS_BALANCE - FEE_AMOUNT, BRIDGED_GAS_BALANCE - 2n * FEE_AMOUNT, FEE_AMOUNT * 3n],
+      [INITIAL_GAS_BALANCE - FEE_AMOUNT, INITIAL_GAS_BALANCE - 2n * FEE_AMOUNT, FEE_AMOUNT * 3n],
     );
   });
 
diff --git a/yarn-project/end-to-end/src/fixtures/utils.ts b/yarn-project/end-to-end/src/fixtures/utils.ts
index a0eae07fc89..a18f70cb847 100644
--- a/yarn-project/end-to-end/src/fixtures/utils.ts
+++ b/yarn-project/end-to-end/src/fixtures/utils.ts
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ import {
   RollupAbi,
   RollupBytecode,
 } from '@aztec/l1-artifacts';
+import { getCanonicalGasToken } from '@aztec/protocol-contracts/gas-token';
 import { PXEService, PXEServiceConfig, createPXEService, getPXEServiceConfig } from '@aztec/pxe';
 import { SequencerClient } from '@aztec/sequencer-client';
 
@@ -188,6 +189,7 @@ async function setupWithRemoteEnvironment(
   config: AztecNodeConfig,
   logger: DebugLogger,
   numberOfAccounts: number,
+  deployProtocolContracts = false,
 ) {
   // we are setting up against a remote environment, l1 contracts are already deployed
   const aztecNodeUrl = getAztecUrl();
@@ -225,6 +227,10 @@ async function setupWithRemoteEnvironment(
   const cheatCodes = CheatCodes.create(config.rpcUrl, pxeClient!);
   const teardown = () => Promise.resolve();
 
+  if (deployProtocolContracts) {
+    await deployPublicProtocolContracts(wallets[0]);
+  }
+
   return {
     aztecNode,
     sequencer: undefined,
@@ -246,6 +252,9 @@ type SetupOptions = {
   stateLoad?: string;
   /** Previously deployed contracts on L1 */
   deployL1ContractsValues?: DeployL1Contracts;
+
+  /** Deploy protocol contracts */
+  deployProtocolContracts?: boolean;
 } & Partial<AztecNodeConfig>;
 
 /** Context for an end-to-end test as returned by the `setup` function */
@@ -305,7 +314,7 @@ export async function setup(
 
   if (PXE_URL) {
     // we are setting up against a remote environment, l1 contracts are assumed to already be deployed
-    return await setupWithRemoteEnvironment(hdAccount, config, logger, numberOfAccounts);
+    return await setupWithRemoteEnvironment(hdAccount, config, logger, numberOfAccounts, opts.deployProtocolContracts);
   }
 
   const deployL1ContractsValues =
@@ -327,6 +336,12 @@ export async function setup(
 
   const { pxe, accounts, wallets } = await setupPXEService(numberOfAccounts, aztecNode!, pxeOpts, logger);
 
+  if (opts.deployProtocolContracts) {
+    // this should be a neutral wallet, but the SignerlessWallet only accepts a single function call
+    // and this needs two: one to register the class and another to deploy the instance
+    await deployPublicProtocolContracts(wallets[0]);
+  }
+
   const cheatCodes = CheatCodes.create(config.rpcUrl, pxe!);
 
   const teardown = async () => {
@@ -490,3 +505,25 @@ export async function expectMapping<K, V>(
 
   expect(outputs).toEqual(expectedOutputs);
 }
+
+/**
+ * Deploy the protocol contracts to a running instance.
+ */
+export async function deployPublicProtocolContracts(deployer: Wallet) {
+  // "deploy" the Gas token as it contains public functions
+  const canonicalGasToken = getCanonicalGasToken();
+
+  if (await deployer.isContractClassPubliclyRegistered(canonicalGasToken.contractClass.id)) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  await new BatchCall(deployer, [
+    (await registerContractClass(deployer, canonicalGasToken.artifact)).request(),
+    deployInstance(deployer, canonicalGasToken.instance, { universalDeploy: true }).request(),
+  ])
+    .send()
+    .wait();
+
+  await expect(deployer.isContractClassPubliclyRegistered(canonicalGasToken.contractClass.id)).resolves.toBe(true);
+  await expect(deployer.getContractInstance(canonicalGasToken.instance.address)).resolves.toBeDefined();
+}
diff --git a/yarn-project/protocol-contracts/src/gas-token/index.ts b/yarn-project/protocol-contracts/src/gas-token/index.ts
index b86cb89fba1..c3daa5dd96e 100644
--- a/yarn-project/protocol-contracts/src/gas-token/index.ts
+++ b/yarn-project/protocol-contracts/src/gas-token/index.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
+import { EthAddress, Point } from '@aztec/circuits.js';
+
 import { ProtocolContract, getCanonicalProtocolContract } from '../protocol_contract.js';
 import { GasTokenArtifact } from './artifact.js';
 
 /** Returns the canonical deployment of the gas token. */
 export function getCanonicalGasToken(): ProtocolContract {
-  return getCanonicalProtocolContract(GasTokenArtifact, 1);
+  return getCanonicalProtocolContract(GasTokenArtifact, 1, [], Point.ZERO, EthAddress.ZERO);
 }
 
 export const GasTokenAddress = getCanonicalGasToken().address;
diff --git a/yarn-project/protocol-contracts/src/protocol_contract.ts b/yarn-project/protocol-contracts/src/protocol_contract.ts
index 4f798ed4f48..c3fa3c7d50d 100644
--- a/yarn-project/protocol-contracts/src/protocol_contract.ts
+++ b/yarn-project/protocol-contracts/src/protocol_contract.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
-import { AztecAddress, getContractClassFromArtifact, getContractInstanceFromDeployParams } from '@aztec/circuits.js';
+import {
+  AztecAddress,
+  EthAddress,
+  getContractClassFromArtifact,
+  getContractInstanceFromDeployParams,
+} from '@aztec/circuits.js';
 import { ContractArtifact } from '@aztec/foundation/abi';
-import { Fr } from '@aztec/foundation/fields';
+import { Fr, Point } from '@aztec/foundation/fields';
 import { ContractClassWithId, ContractInstanceWithAddress } from '@aztec/types/contracts';
 
 /** Represents a canonical contract in the protocol. */
@@ -20,10 +25,18 @@ export function getCanonicalProtocolContract(
   artifact: ContractArtifact,
   salt: Fr | number | bigint,
   initArgs: any[] = [],
+  publicKey: Point = Point.ZERO,
+  portalContractAddress = EthAddress.ZERO,
 ): ProtocolContract {
   // TODO(@spalladino): This computes the contract class from the artifact twice.
   const contractClass = getContractClassFromArtifact(artifact);
-  const instance = getContractInstanceFromDeployParams(artifact, initArgs, new Fr(salt));
+  const instance = getContractInstanceFromDeployParams(
+    artifact,
+    initArgs,
+    new Fr(salt),
+    publicKey,
+    portalContractAddress,
+  );
   return {
     instance,
     contractClass,